All Slides will be available @ today night Chapter	Title	Slide
0	Warming Up: Database Technology	ppt
1	Introduction	ppt
Part 1: Relational Databases
2	Relational Model	ppt
3	SQL	ppt
4	Advanced SQL	ppt
aux	JDBC Introduction	ppt
aux	ODBC Introduction	ppt
5	Other Relational Languages	ppt
Part 2: Database Design
6	Database Design: The Entity-Relationship Approach	ppt
7	Relational Database Design	ppt
8	Application Design	ppt
aux	Java Applet and Javascript Introduction	ppt
aux	Java Servlet and JSP Introduction	ppt
aux	Tomcat Introduction	ppt
aux	ASP.NET Introduction	ppt
Part 3: Object-Based Databases and XML
9	Object-Based Databases	ppt
10	XML	ppt
aux	XML Introduction	ppt
aux	Web Services introduction	ppt
Part 4: Data Storage and Querying
11	Storage and File Structure	ppt
12	Indexing and Hashing	ppt
13	Query Processing	ppt
14	Query Optimization	ppt
Part 5: Transaction Management
15	Transactions	ppt
16	Concurrency Control	ppt
17	Recovery System	ppt
Part 6: Data Mining and Analysis
18	Data Analysis and Mining	ppt
19	Information Retrieval	ppt
Part 7: System Architecture
20	Database System Architectures	ppt
21	Parallel Databases	ppt
22	Distributed Databases	ppt
Part 8: Other Topics
23	Advanced Application Development	ppt
24	Advanced Data Types	ppt
25	Advanced Transaction Processing	ppt
Part 9: Case Studies
26	PostgreSQL	ppt
27	Oracle	ppt
28	IBM DB2 Universal Database	ppt
29	Microsoft SQL Server	ppt
aux	MySQL	ppt
Appendices
A	Network Model	ppt
B	Hierarchical Model	ppt
C	Advanced Relational Database Design	ppt

Get started with Bash

Hi How are you ? i Hop you fine  Anyway let’s concentrate on this topic.In this article we will learn how to use command line in linux. Command line interfaces can be very powerful.The command line is provided by a shell.So,

WHAT IS SHELL ?

In early days of computing, instruction are provided using binary language, which is difficult for all of us, to read and write. So in Os there is special program called Shell. Shell accepts your instruction or commands in English (mostly) and if its a valid command, it is pass to kernel.Shell is a user program or it’s environment provided for user interaction. Shell is an command language interpreter that executes commands read from the standard input device (keyboard) or from a file.
Shell is not part of system kernel, but uses the system kernel to execute programs, create files etc.Several shell available with Linux including

1. BASH(Bourne-Again SHell)

This shell is being developed By Brian Fox and Chet Ramey From Free Software Foundation. And it is most common shell in Linux. It’s Freeware shell.

2. CSH (C SHell)

This shell is being developed by Bill Joy. He is from University of California (For BSD).The C shell’s syntax and usage are very similar to the C programming language.

3. KSH (Korn SHell)

This shell is being developed by David Korn. From AT&T Bell labs.This is very faster then BASH. There are few more..  as i know this much 

This is How shell interact from user to Kernal

WHAT IS TERMINAL?

if you heard about term, gnome-terminal, konsole, kvt, eterm, and many many others are called Terminal emulators or Terminal.A terminal is a program that opens up a window and then runs a shell in that window. It could be compared to the DOS shell in Windows.Now go ahead and browse the programs menu that you normally use for launching programs, and look for apps that seem like a terminal.You can launch as many of them as you want and try all of them. Different terminal emulators have different bells and whistles, but you run the same shell program, bash, in each of them.

Let me show you Gnome-terminal.

YOu can Press ALT F2 and Then Type gnome-terminal (Debian ,Ubuntu)

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Now Let me show you Konsole in KDE

As i am using Fedora now, YOu can Press ALT F2 and Then type “Konsole”

Let see what are the shell present in our Ubuntu, Fedora, redhat, backtrack. what ever the Linux Distribution.

1	# cat /etc/shells

gives us an overview of known shells on a Linux system.

1	# cat /etc/shells

This how in Fedora

That’s how in ubuntu or Backtrack we using Bash shell as it always there by default in every Linux distribution

If you want to know current shell.Type following command

1	# echo SHELL

Or

1	# PS -P $$

That’s how in ubuntu or Backtrack,WE currently using Bash

This how in Fedora we are currently using Bash

Now Bring you Ears (Kaan) in Front of my Mouth. 
Shhh.. each shell does the same job, but each understand a different command syntax and provides different built-in functions.In MS-DOS, Shell name is COMMAND.COM which is also used for same purpose, but it’s not as powerful as our Linux Shells are! Any of the above shell reads command from user (via Keyboard or Mouse) and tells Linux Os what users want. If we are giving commands from keyboard it is called command line interface ( Usually in-front of $ prompt, This prompt is depend upon your shell and Environment that you set or by your System Administrator, therefore you may get different prompt like i have  )

USING THE COMMAND LINE

If you can see this Figure, commands are entered in terminal at shell prompt. “Hacker” is a lists of login name of a current user “bt” is short hostname of the machine “/” indicates the name of the current directory followed by $ prompt  Which is in Debian (Ubuntu or backtrack )

If you can see this Figure, commands are entered in terminal at shell prompt. “Hacker” is a lists of login name of a current user “Localhost” is short hostname of the machine.the name of the current directory “~” (that is root /root Directory) in sequare bracket followed by $ prompt  which is in Redhat(centos, Fedora)this is a meaning of this Line .In Linux you need to understand every things 

Now Bring you Ears (Kaan) in Front of my Mouth 
If the $ is replace by # Then must be you are runing you Os in superuser(root)Other wise it is consider as a normal usersee above on the given pics

Command entered at the shell prompt have three basic parts

1. Command 
2. Options 
3. Arguments

1. Command

Command is the name of the programe to run.It my be followed by one or more options,

2. Options

Options Which adjust the behaviour of the command or what it will do Option generally started with one or two dashes

3. Arguments

Argument which often indicate a target that the command should operate on

Let me Give you an example

In the above Picture Backtrack i have used

1	#ls -ld /home/

here ls is a command
l is for long listing formate which is an option
d is directory as i have mention /home/ directory which is an option
/home/ is here an argument

similarly in fedora

The above Picture Fedora i have used

here ls is a command
l is for long listing formate which is an option
d is directory as i have mention Desktop/ directory which is an option
Desktop/ is here an argument

One thing More Multiple commands can be seprated by ” ;
“