Wifi

Design Your Wi-Fi LAN

You can yourself form a Wi-Fi LAN and access it with in your home or office. Wi-Fi  LAN's now a days are used to play multi-player games, to access internet from a host in different hosts and to exchange files with different computers.

Here it is step by step explanation, how to set-up your own LAN, that to without any wire or cable.

Step 1: Switch on your WI-FI plug in your laptop.

Step 2:  Go to your Control Panel and then go to "Network and Internet" and then to "Network and Sharing Centre".

Step 3: Click on "Set up a new connection or network".

Step 4: Click on "Set-up a wireless ad hoc (computer-to-computer) network" and click "Next" and again "Next".

Step 5: Then you can give your network a name. Say "XYZ". If you want that only your authorised users can connect to your network whom you want to connect, then select Security Type as "WPA-2- Personal". Otherwise select it as "No Authentication  (Open)". Then anyone can connect to it who is in the range of your network.

Step 6: Then Click "Next.

Step 7: Now your network is ready and connect it with others. just one click away.

Step 8: Now you have to switch on your network. Go to the network icon in the right of the taskbar of your system.
 You can see your networks name there, that you just created. Click on it and click "Connect".

Now others can switch on the Wi-Fi in their devices and connect with your network.

I am done with it. Its all that I have in this topic.

Networking

Different Types Of Communication Mediums In Networks

The Communication Medium plays an important role in Networks. If the medium works well and properly, then the speed of transferring data is good but if the medium is not working properly, then your data would be delayed or would not be sent or even can be lost during transmission. In Computer Networks, we call this speed of transmitting data, as DATA RATE.

There are two types of networks that you can set-up.
1. Wired Network
2. Wireless Network

1. WIRED NETWORK: 
The Wired network is mostly set-up using an Ethernet Cable. This can be done using 3 technologies.

i) Twisted Pair Wires: 

This technology was invented by Alexander Graham Bell. These wires are the most oldest means of communication in computer networking. For more than 100 years, the phone technology has used these wires. Most of use these twisted wires in our homes and offices. These are the least expensive mode of communication used in networks. 

In this, there is a pair of  2 copper wire, each 1-2 mm thick, enrolled on each other in a spiral pattern. These are used to avoid interference from the nearby similar pairs. There are number of pairs bundled together in a cable by wrapping the pairs in a protective shield. A pair consists of a single communication link.

ii) Coaxial Cables:

Coaxial Cables same as twisted Wire cables consists of two copper wire. But in this, the two wires are concentric to each other. Coaxial Cables has a wire conductor in the centre , a circumferential outer conductor known as foil shield, and an insulating medium called the dielectric separating these two conductors. The outer conductor is protected in an outer jacket.

Coaxial Cables with this type of formation and special insulation and shielding, can achieve high data transmission rates. Coaxial cables are common in cable television systems.


iii) Fibre Optics:

An optical fibre is a flexible,  thin,transparent fibre made of high quality glass or plastic, slightly thicker than a human hair. Or you can also say an optical fibre is a thin, flexible medium that conducts pulses of light, with each pulse representing a bit of your data. Fibre optics can generate high Data Rates, so these are used for long distance communications, that require high speed and least data loss. Optical Fibres have no electromagnetic interference and can process data at GB/sec of speed. 

This quality has made them popular in long run data transfers.

In United Kingdom and United States Of America and many other countries, most of them use fibre optics in distance telephone networks. 

But as they are very expensive also. So use of Fibre optics in local LAN , institutions, companies etc. is still not very popular. The joining of two or optical fibre is still more complex than joining two electrical wire or cables.

2. WIRELESS NETWORK:

i) Radio Waves:

Radio waves are electromagnetic waves with wavelengths greater than infra-red radiations. There frequency varies from as high as 300 GHz to as low as 3 KHz . They travel by speed of light. Radio Waves can be natural and artificial also. Natural Radio Waves occur due to lighting and Artificial Radio waves are used in mobile, radio communication, radar systems etc.

ii) Terrestrial Radio Wave Communication:

Radio Waves doesn't need any physical wire to travel. They can penetrate through air, through walls and windows and can be used to deliver long distances messages. Terrestrial Radio Wave Communication can be divided into 3 parts:

          (a) The waves that can be operated over a short distance, say 3-5 metres.
          (b) The waves that can operate in local area network say upto 100 metres
          (c) The waves that can operate in wide areas of 1000's of kilometres.

Your devices such as wireless mouse, keyboards are operated in short distances.
Your mobiles phones or cellular technology are operated in Wide area radio channel.


iii) Communication Satellites:

A communication satellite links two or more transmitter or receiver that are situated on Earth, called as Ground Stations. The satellite receives the message or transmission on one frequency band, reproduce the signal using a repeater  and transmits the signal or the message on another frequency. There are basically two types of satellites are used in communications. These are:

                             (a)  Geostationary Satellites 

                             (b)  Low Earth Orbiting satellites (LEO satellites)

Here is a Diagram that shows the flow of data through satellite from sender host to the receiver host.

                                               
                 Thank you for reading this article.

Networking

The Network Models And Description

Now after covering almost all the basic aspects of computer networking such as

What is a Network ? What are different types of networks ? How to pass messages in a network ? What are the communication mediums ? What is Internet ? What are Delays? Now we should get into some depth and understand computer networking to the next level.

Let's start with the Different Network Models. And look at different parts or layers of those Network Models.

There are basically two Network models that are followed in Computer Networks.

                        i) Open System Interconnection Model or OSI model

                        ii) TCP/IP Model

First we are going to discuss about , the TCP/IP model..

                                         TCP/IP Model

The TCP/IP model is a networking model and it is a set of protocols used for communication between hosts on the Internet and different networks. It is known as TCP/IP model because Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP) were the 1st networking protocols those were defined in the networking standards.  TCP/IP model defines how the data should be processed, addressed and transmitted to the receiver or destination. In TCP/IP model, we have 5 layers named Application Layer, transport Layer, Network Layer, Data Link Layer and Physical Layer . Here we will cover a Top-Down Approach i.e. moving from the top most layer towards the lower ones. Most of the times you will see, people using bottom-up approach, moving from low to high. But here you will be able to learn in a different way and in the coming years , this approach is going to overtook the previous one. So why not be the 1st one to learn this. So let's go.

Moving from the Top to the Bottom, these are as follows:

•               Application Layer
•               Transport Layer
•               Network Layer
•               Data Link Layer
•               Physical Layer

Combining all these Layer, the networking model is also called as the Internet Stack.

History of TCP/IP Model:

In United states , the Department of Defence in 1982 declared TCP/IP model as the standard for all the military computer networking.

After that, in 1985, the 1st interoperability conference , founded by Dan Lynch, that was held to enhance the network interoperability , widely adopted the the TCP/IP. A three day workshop was organised by Internet Architecture Board on TCP/IP for the computer and networking industry. The conference was attended by 250 representatives from different countries and promoting its use in the commercial world. Then further development took place for TCP/IP that includes when AT&T  in 1989 agreed to place the code developed for Unix. But the real boom in TCP/IP technology came when Microsoft developed its TCP/IP stack for Windows 95.

Now lets move on to different layers of the Stack. Here we will just see a brief description of all the layers and later look into depth for each of one.

1. Application Layer:

Application layer is the top most layer in the Internet Stack. It contains the high level protocols that are used by applications for communication in computer networks. Some of the Application Layer protocols that we will cover are HTTP(Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) that is for the web applications, SMTP(Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) that is for transferring mails from sender to receiver, FTP(File Transfer Protocol) For moving files such as audio, video, text etc. between the hosts and DNS (Domain Name Systems) that is for transferring your domain names into router understandable IP addresses.

2. Transport Layer:

The Transport layer is the underlying Layer of Application Layer. The work of the Transport Layer is to take the message or the packets from the top Application Layer and give it to the underlying Network Layer, after adding a header to the packet that includes the source address, destination address and much more fields. This layer is a Connection Control Layer. It mainly has two protocols . One is TCP(Transmission Control Protocol) that is also said as Connection Oriented Protocol and the other is UDP (User Datagram Protocol) that is a Connection-Less Protocol.

3. Network Layer:

The Network layer is responsible for delivering the datagrams from sender hosts to the receiver host i.e. from source to destination. This process is also called routing. In computer networks , we have different routing protocols that determines the route taken by the datagrams to reach their destination. IP (Internet Protocol) is the Network Layer Protocol.. IP has certain versions such as IPv4, IPv6 etc.

4. Data Link Layer :

The Data Link Layer takes care of the delivery of frames across the devices of the same LAN. The Network Layer relies on the services of the Data Link Layer to move the frames from one node to another node in the route. The Network Layer at each router or node passes the packet to the Data Link Layer. The services of the Data Link Layer Depends upon the Protocol used . There are various Data Link Layer protocols Ethernet, Wi-Fi, HDLC(High Data Level Data Link Control) etc. 

5. Physical Layer:

The physical layer's job is almost similar to the Data Link Layer , but as the job the of Data Link Layer is to move the whole packet or frames from one node to the other, The job of Physical Layer is to move individual single bit of the packet from one node to other. Similarly  the services are dependent on the protocol that you use. As there are different protocols for different element. Such as for twisted Wires, there is a protocol , for coaxial cable, protocol is different. For every protocol, the bit is moved to the next link in a different way.


Now you must pay attention to 1 thing. That I have used messages as packets in Transport layer, as datagrams in Network Layer and as frames in Data Link Layer. So don't get confused with this. As all these are same, just they are given different names in different layers.

                                             Packet = Datagram = Frames.

Later in the coming posts, I will tell you, what is the use of using different name in different layers. Till now it is same for all.  So now moving on......


                                           OSI Model

Now as we have discussed the TCP/IP model. I should tell you that, in today's Internet, TCP/IP is the only model that is into existence. The International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) , in back late 1970's proposed a 7 layer model that was known as Open Systems Interconnection (OSI). According to this, the computer has to be organised around 7 layers. These layers are as follows:

You can see that 5 layers are common as TCP/IP model and 2 are different. The working of the 5 layers is same as we have discussed above. Let's discuss about the two extra layers i.e. Presentation Layer and Session Layer.


1. Presentation Layer:

The Presentation layer works as a data translater in computer networking. It is also known as Syntax Layer.  The Presentation Layer provides the services that allow the communicating hosts or the applications, to know or to know the meaning of the data exchanged. It also provides data compression and data encryption. This layer is responsible for formatting of information and it relieves the Application Layer to concern about the syntax errors or the differences within the end-users. For ex: Its work is to covert a MAXD coded file into an ASCII-coded file.


2. Session Layer: 

The Session Layer is responsible for the synchronisation of the data that is exchanged between the communicating hosts. It also helps to build certain checkpoints, that are useful for recovery of data , during failure.


Now I am sure, You must be having various questions that are blasting your minds. That if these 2 layers are not available in today's Internet. Are the services provided by these layers are not important?? 
What if some application need these services?? 

The answer to both the of these questions is , It all depends upon the application developer and the application user. If the application require these services or any one of these, then he can build that functionality into his application.


So this is all about different Networking Models.


                             Thank you for reading this article.