Unanii's recipes for VAATA PROBLEMS/ARTHRITIS/JOINT PAINS

Unanii's recipes for VAATA PROBLEMS/ARTHRITIS/JOINT PAINS

The region below the navel is called VAATA region. Pains due to vaata dosha may arise in hips, knees, calves (pikkalu), waist, neck, joints etc.

Food precautions:

Food should be chewen properly to easy digestion.

Better to eat food before 7 PM.

Avoid Non-vegetarian foods.

Avoid curds and use diluted butter milk.

Use unpolished rice only.

The following are Dr. recipes for relieving all Vaata pains.

Recipe No.1:

Sonthi : 50 gm (Fry and make powder)

Aswagandha : 50 gm (Dry in shade and make powder)

Black sesame : 50 gm (Nalla nuvvulu) (Fry and make powder)

Candy Sugar : 50 gm (patika bellam powder)

Grind all the above contents in a kalvam by adding sufficient ghee till it becomes paste.

Usage:

Take 10 gm paste (about one spoon) two times a day before meals. Suck the juice after placing it on one side of mouth.

Benefits:

Strengthens weakened nerves, brain, tendons, gives strength to body, removes waste material accumulated in joints, improves the gel of the joints, decreases sperm loss in gents, eliminates premature ejaculation problem, black spots formed due to meha uduku vanish and removes all pains due to vaata.

Recipe No.2:

Garlic juice: 20 gm (Crush in a cloth and squeeze without adding water)

Sesame oil : 20 gm (nuvvula noone) (For paitya natured persons)

Or

Mustard oil : 20 gm (For kapha/vaata prakruti persons)

Boil both the contents on SIM flame till oil remains and bubbles subside. Sieve and store the oil. Warm the oil with garlic juice and apply oil to the joints or to those parts affected by pain. The oil penetrates into the body and gives relief.

Benefits:

Relieves pains of waist, back, neck, sides of waist, hip, ankles, knees etc.

Recipe No.3:

Kasivinda tailam:

Kasivinda leaves : 100 gm

Tamarind tree leaves : 100 gm

Vaavili aaku : 100 gm Jilledu aaku : 100 gm

Ummetta aaku : 100 gm

Pound all the above, squeeze and extract juice.

Add half kg. sesame oil and boil on SIM flame till oil remains. Filter and store oil.

Usage:

Apply warm oil to the organs where pain prevails.

Benefits:

Any pain due to vaata will subside.

Recipe No.4:

Vaatagunja tailam:

Soak 20 gm red gurivinda seeds in half litre water and boil till 1/8 litre kashaayam remains. Remove it from flame, filter it and add 40 gm sesame oil and once again boil till the oil remains,. Filter and store in a bottle. Apply the oil in warm condition twice a day to the affected parts and gently massage.

Benefits:

All pains due to vaata vanish.

Recipe No.5:

Mix equal quantity of powder of taanikaaya, karakkaya and sieve it and store the powder in a bottle.

Usage:

Take 2 gm powder with one spoon honey before one hour of taking food.

Benefits:

All problems due to vaata prakruti will vanish.

Recipe No.6:

Mix equal quantity of tippa teega powder, sannarastram powder, amudam roots powder, sonti powder (light fry and make powder), devedaaru bark powder and store in a bottle.

Add 30 gm powder to ¾ lit water and boil on SIM flame till 1/8 lt. remains.

Filter the kashaayam and take it two times after adding one spoon honey.

Benefits:

All problems due to vaata will vanish.

Recipe No.7:

Take equal proportion of Krishna tulasi leaves, vaavilaaku, uttareni leaves, dry them in shade and make powder. Sieve the powder and store. Apply oil and gently massage on effected part. Benefits:

Pains due to Sandhi vaatam will subside.

Recipe No.9:

Take tella galijeru along with roots, pound and squeeze to extract juice. Add equal quantity of sesame oil and boil it on SIM till oil remains.

Usage:

Apply oil in warm condition to the affected parts where pain prevails.

Benefits:

All joints pains, swelling in testicles, all problems relating to vaata will subside.

Can also be applied on the limbs of children who are unable to walk and gently massage. Have bath after one hour. Children will start walking.

Recipe No.10:

Nalleru vadiyalu:

Scrape the top greenish layer of nalleru stems and extract juice. Add equal quantity of urath dal (mina pappu) and grind to paste. Prepare vadiyalu with above paste and store after drying. Fry the fryums (vadiyalu) on burning coal and eat along with rice.

Benefits:

All vaata problems will vanish.

Recipe No.11:

Make powders of nela tadi dumpa and uttareni leaves powder and store separately. Take 2.5 gm of nela tadi dumpa and 5 gm of uttareni powder along with water, early in the morning.

Benefits:

All vaata pains subside.

Recipe No.12:

Soak pamidi patti seeds and grind them to paste. Apply the paste to those parts which are affected by swelling, affected by pains and apply bandage. Remove bandage early ion the morning.

Benefits:

All pains and swelling of joints will be eliminated.

Recipe No.13:

Extract juice of raw tobacco leaves. Add equal quantity of sesame oil and boil together on SIM flame till oil remains. Remove from flame, filter and store oil. Apply it in warm condition to affected parts having pain, arthritis, degenerated joints etc.

Benefits:

All vaata pains will vanish.

Recipe No.14:

Crush the leaves of papaya (boppayi) add little amudam (eradel tel) and boil it Apply the oil in warm condition to the affected parts and bandage the affected part.

Benefits:

Vaata pains will vanish and swelling will subside.

Recipe No.15:

Make powders of bodataram flowers sonti powder ( light fry and make powder) and store. Take 3 chitikas powder directly before half an hour of taking food. Do it for 40 days and joint pains will subside.

Recipe No.16:

Aam vaata pains: Crush tella maddi leaves and extract juice. Apply to the affected organ. All pains due to aama vaatam, burning sensation and shooting pains will subside.

Recipe No.17:

Make powder of raddish seeds (mullangi ginjalu) and add equal quantity of candy sugar powder and store. Take ¼ spoon powder with water.

Benefits:

All joint pains will subside gradually.

Recipe No.16:

Take the bark of vaavili roots, wash and dry in shade. Pound them to powder and store. Mix 3 gm powder (less than half spoon) and little sesame oil and take two times a day.

Benefits:

Joint pains, back pain, vaata pains of entire body all body pains will subside.

Recipe No.19:

Sour water melon roots powder : 50 gm Pippali powder : 50 gm(light fry and make powder) Old jaggery : 100 gm Pound all of them together and make round balls of six equal to peas. Take one ball/pill along with warm water half an hour before food.

Benefits:

Joints pains will subside.

Precautions:

If motions occur, reduce the dosage.

Recipe No.20:

Garika tailam:

Take 1 kg garika juice and and add to 1/2 kg sesame oil. Boil on SIM flame till the juice gets absorbed into the oil. Sieve and store the oil.

Usage:

Can be applied on the effected parts.

Pains due to vaata will vanish.

Unani's recipes for EYE SIGHT problems:

Recipe No.1:

i) Take your spit (ummu) in hand, rub it in palms and apply to eyes after closing. Eye problems, eye sore, dark circles, white discharge from eyes, cataracts will be eliminated and also will not repeat in future.
ii) Gargle cold water and take some water in the palm and put your eyes in the water of palm. Open and close eye lids.
iii) Acupressure points of eyes: Press web of forefinger and middle finger 200 times.
iv) Apply paste of one desi tomato and four to five drops of lemon juice round the eyes and gently massage.
v) Eye exercises: Left and right movements of eyes, top and bottom, clockwise and anticlockwise, front and back.

Recipe No.2:
Karakkaya : 30 gm
Taani kaaya: 60 gm
Usirika : 90 gms
Atimadhuram : 10 gm
Veduru uppu ; 10 gm
Pippali : 20 gm ( Lightly fry and make powder)

Add 220 gms candy sugar powder and store in a bottle.
For children : ¼ spoon powder, ¼ spoon cow’s ghee and ½ spoon honey.
For elders: ½ spoon to 1 spoon powder, ½ sp. Cow’s ghee and 1 sp honey.
Do not drink water till one hour.
Benefits:
Eye layers (kanti poralu), cataract, eye problems from birth will subside and eye sight improves.

Recipe No.3:
Food habits:
1) Eat carrot, ponnaganti koora, chutney of gunta galagara aaku.
2) Take tella galijeru pappu and rasam (Punarnava).
3) Take papaya, moong, badam.
Benefits:
Eye sight improves within 6 months and spects can be removed.

Recipe No.4:
Netramrutham:
Karakkaya bark powder : 10 gm
Taanikaya powder ; 20 gm
Usirika powder : 30 gm,
Atimadhuram powder : 5 gm
Pippali powder : 5 gm ( lightly fry and make powder)
70 gm candy sugar powder (equal to the total of above),
70 gm honey,
35 gm cow’s ghee.
Mix all the powders after adding candy sugar, sieve it add ghee and honey.
Usage:
Take 5 to 10 ms of above paste and chew.
Benefits:
Within 100 days eye sight improves along with curing of other problems

Recipe No.5:
Soak 5 pieces each of karakkaya, taanikaya and usirika kaya in a glass of water overnight. Early in the morning filter the water and sprinkle on the closed eyes 4 to 5 times. Take little water and gargle. Can also apply the water to the hair.
Benefits:
Eye sight improves, hair problems get removed. Teeth and mouth problems are resolved.

Recipe No.6:
Take one spoon triphala powder, one spoon honey and one spoon cow’s ghee in the night daily. Eyesight improves, foldings disappear, dark circles disappear.

Recipe No.7:
Take one cup of clean water to the brim. Put each eye into it and move eye lids to the top/bottom, left/right, clockwise and anticlockwise directions.
Benefits:
The praana shakti of water reaches the eyes and eyes strength increases.

Recipe No.8:
Kaamanchi juice : ¼ kg
Pappu noone : ¼ kg
Boil on SIM flame till the juice is absorbed by oil.
Take ¼ to ½ spoon daily early in the morning.
Benefits:
Eye sight, eye layers, eye sores, reddishness problems get rectified within 40 days.

Recipe No.9:

Eyetex:

Mix one drop onion juice to one drop honey (pure) and add very little pachcha karpuram and apply as eyetex.

Benefits:

Blurring, cloudiness, eye sight problems, fresh cataracts get eliminated within 20 days of usage.

Recipe No.10:

Vyasa Nayanamrutham:

Add cow’s milk to 200 gm Aswagandha till it is soaked and boil till the milk is evaporated. After drying make powder of Aswagandha.

Pippali : 50 gm (Fry and powder)
Usirika powder : 50 gm
Taankkaya powder : 50 gm
Karakkaya powder : 50 gm
Small elaichi powder : 25 to 50 gm.

Mix all the powders uniformly one by one. Add sufficient honey to the above. Can be taken with warm water.

For children 3 to 4 years ; 3 chitikas powder along with ¼ spoon honey
For children from 5 to 12 years: ¼ sp increased to ½ sp with 1/2 sp honey.
For elders: ¼ spoon increased to ½ spoon with 1 spoon honey.
Benefits;
Throat, tongue, mouth, eye problems are cleared, digestion improves.

Recipe No.11:
Triphalagrutam:
Karakkaya : 100 gm
Taanikaaya : 100 gm
Usirika kaaya: 100 gm
Add 1200 grams of water and boil till 300 gms remains.
Take this 300 gms filtered kashaayam. Add cow’s milk 150 gm, cow’s ghee 75 gms.
Boil once again till ghee remains and store.
Usage:
Take one spoon along with rice two times a day.
Benefits:

Even lost eyesight is recovered,. Spectacles get removed. Also good for hair, reddishness of eye, watery eyes, nerves of eyes will be strengthened.
(In another episode for preparing Triphalagrutam, Dr. Elchuri narrated 3 kg of water instead of 1200 gm which has to be reduced to 1 kg. and 500 gms milk instead of 150 gm and 250 gm cow’s ghee instead of 75 gms. Since the components of the Triphalagrutam are mentioned same in both episodes, either of the proportions can be followed.)

  

Unani's recipes for SINUSITIS

Recipe No.1:

Yoga, Praanaayaam and tips:
1) Suryabedhana Praanaayam : Close the left nostril, breathe in with right and breathe out with left. Do this for 15 to 20 min.
2) Surya Bhastrika: Close the left nostril, breathe in slowly with right nostril and breathe out through right nostril.
3) Surya kapalabhati: Close the left nostril and breathe out with right nostril without putting effort to breathe in.
4) Avoid too hot and too cold foods.
5) Avoid sitting in AC rooms
6) If moving in cold season, give protection to ears by plugging with cotton. Do not sleep directly under the fan.
7) Massage with sesame oil on both sides of nose.
8) Mix candy sugar powder with diluted milk. Add little turmeric and drink.
9) Can take butter milk after adding turmeric, methi powder, onion juice.
10) Avoid taking bottle gourd, dosa, tomato, lady’s finger etc which increase kapha in the body.
11) Put two drops of neem oil in both nostrils before taking food in the night. The phlegm will come out from sinus region.

Recipe No.2:
Tulasi Tea:
Add 10 tulasi leaves, 10 pepper and 2 inch ginger piece (all crushed) to two cups of water and boil till one cup remains. Add one spoon candy sugar powder and drink it hot. Avoid taking bath or taking food till one hour. Can take two times a day.
Benefits:
Sinus problem will be eliminated.

Recipe No.3;
Gulabi Tailam:
Rose petals : 100 gm
Sesame oil (til oil) : 100 gm
When oil is boiling on SIM, add rose petals slowly. Boil till the petals blacken. Filter the oil and store. Put 3 to 4 drops in the nostrils in the morning and evening till the problem subsides.
Benefits:
Sinus problem is eliminated.

Recipe No.4:
Take nasyam (powder) Lakshmi tulasi dried powder through each nostril.
Benefits:
All head problems, cold, sinus etc. are removed.
Can be added to rasam and sambar also.

Recipe No.5:
Add half spoon turmeric to hot hot cooked rice (one fist full) and place it in a cloth. Foment the bundled cloth on the sides of nose. Can also be kept on nose and lie down for some time.
Benefits:
Problems of blocked nose due to non-entry of air will be eliminated within 5 to 10 min.

Unani's recipes for WEIGHT LOSS

Recipe No.1:

Ulava Guggillu (Horse gram) : Softly boiled.
Usage:
Start with 20 to 25 gm and gradually increase to 50 to 100 gm. Take in the Morning and Evening. Can add onion and chilly pieces along with seasoning.
Take butter milk and barley for reducing heat generated due to above food.
Benefits:
Excess fat in Stomach reduces and excess weight will be reduced.

Recipe No.2:
Collect and store rain water before reaching ground in a container other than plastic.
Usage:
Add ¼ sp good turmeric powder to half glass rain water and take early in the morning. Do not take food for one hour.
Benefits:
Good relief from excess weight within 3 to 6 months.

Recipe No.3:
Food to be taken at night for weight reduction:
Take old rice, Jowar, old wheat, Moong, ulavalu, barley seeds in equal proportion. Soak them overnight, dry them in the morning. Add little by little quantity in Kadai and fry them. Later powder the contents and store.
Usage:
Prepare roti and take them in the nights as food.

Recipe No.4:
Warm water : 1 glass
Triphala powder : ¼ spoon gradually increase to 1 spoon
Usage:
Add honey to the above and take the same for one week.

Recipe No.5:
Nalla tumma Aaku: Soak in water and make paste.
Karakkayalu : Make powder and then paste.
Usage:
Apply paste of nalla tumma aaku to entire body. After 15 min apply karakkaya paste. Take bath after drying.
Benefits:
Excess fat reduces and smell of sweating vanishes.

 

Unani's recipes for 'LEAN PERSONS TO BECOME FAT'

Recipe No.1:

Food tips:
Avoid eating chocolate, outside food.
Take nuvvula laddu, minappappu laddus, coconut laddus, dampudu rice.

Recipe No.2:
Atibala tailam:
Take tutturubenda/mudrabenda/Atibala leaves, branches and roots. Make piece, dry them and make atibala powder.
Add ¼ kg vasa sticks powder to ¼ kg Atibala powder. Take 50 gm of above powder in a flat glass vessel and add 150 gm sesame oil. Place it in sunshine for 3 days. Then filter oil and store.
Usage:
Apply to entire body before one hour of bath and gently massage.
Benefits:
Physique will improve to the required size. This is the oil which Gaandhari applied to Duryodhana in Mahabharata times.

Recipe No.3:
Cow’s milk : 20 gm
Cow’s ghee : 10 gm
Good honey : 20 gm
Candy sugar crystals : 20 gm
Boil milk, cool and add all the above constituents. Take food at 7 pm and take the above milk at 10 pm for one week. Increase the milk by 5 gm after one week and repeat for four weeks.
Benefits:
Weak persons become strong and will build up good personality.

Recipe No.4:
Nuvvula noone:
Apply nuvvula noone to the entire body one hour before bath and gently massage.
Benefits:
Weak persons become fat and fat persons become lean to the desired proportion.

Recipe No.5:
i) Take ginger, lemon and honey 1 spoon each for indigestion.
ii) Agastya lehyam – one spoon thrice a day.
iii) Ayurvedic sambar powder

Recipe No.6:
Take good jowar, barley seeds in equal proportion and fry on SIM flame separately. Prepare ravva separately and store them separately.
-Take 50 gm ravva of jowar in the morning, boil it in cow’s milk, add 5 or 6 dry grapes, 4 or 5 spoons ghee and take paayasam in the morning.
-Repeat the same with 50 gm barley ravva in the night.
Benefits:
Appetite increases and lean persons become fat within four weeks.

 

Unani's recipes for TELLA BOLLI

Recipe No.1:

Extract juice out of Arati doota and add little turmeric to form paste. Apply the paste to the effected part.

Tella bolli spots will be eliminated.

Recipe No.2:

Pound ‘Eswari root’ and make powder

Add 1 or 2 gms powder to 1 spoon honey and take before half an hour of taking food.

Benefits:

 Tella bolli will be eliminated within 40 days.

Recipe No.3:

Take equal parts of tunga gadda, dalchina chekka and kababu chinni and make powders separately.

Mix them and store.

Usage:

Take 1 spoon powder in 1 glass water and boil on SIM till one cup of water remains. Sieve it and drink in warm condition.

Benefits:

Use until tella bolli spots disappear.

Recipe No.4

Soak black gram (nalla minumulu) in water, grind them to paste and apply on the effected part. The tella bolli spots will vanish.

Recipe No.5:

Soak 50 gms Chandra cheva in about 40 lts of water (2 bindelu). Take the top water and repour the extracted water.

This water can be used for cooking rice.

Take this top water little by little whenever you feel thirsty,

Take bath with this water.

Extract gandham from chendra chekka and apply the paste to the effectd area. Avoid taking pulupu vastuvulu, NV food, eggs, brinjal, gongura during the treatment.

Benefits:

Tella bolli spots will gradually vanish and body skin glows

Recipe No.6:

Dry usirika pieces: 10 gm

Kaachu : 10 gm

Bavanchalu powder : little

Mix both usirkika and kaachu and add half litre water. Boil it on SIM flame till ¼ lt. remains. Sieve and make water into two parts.

Add ¼ spoon bavanchala powder to above water (in warm condition) and take one hour before food . Avoid pulupu during treatment.

Benefits:

Tella bolli spots will vanish.

Recipe No.7:

Take the bark along with white layer from Neem tree and dry it . Prepare gandham and apply to effected area. The paste will penetrate into skin and will eliminate tella bolli spots.

 

  For MIGRAINE HEADACHES

Recipe No.1:-

Yoga & Pranayam:
1. Vipareeta karini
2. Matsyasana
3. Bhramari
4. Acupressure treatment : Press and release thumbs.
5. Meditation: Sit straight, close eyes and take deep breath. Visualise that good prana releiving headache is flowing into the head region. Retain the breath for few seconds in the region having pain and breathe out visualizing impure black/brown air coming out.

Recipe No.2 :
Migraine develops due to increase of kapha in head region. It also develops due to accumulation of gas, increase of fire element and also due to impure blood in head region.
Recipe:
Add 2 tsps good turmeric to hot water and apply steam to head region. Impure gases will be relieved from hear. Dip one cloth in the same water and put fomentation in the effected region.

Recipe No.3:
Add 60gm candy sugar to ½ lt. drinking water overnight. Drink the water early in the morning. Do not eat till one hour.
Benefit:
Migraine gets relieved within 4 to 7 days if followed daily.

Recipe No.4:
Migraine develops due to opposite behavior in particular season.
1. Do not sleep late.
2. Do not have excess thinking.
3. Do not take water in excess. Take only one glass of copper charged water early in the morning.
4. Do not go to places having excessive dust, chemicals etc.
5. Avoid pickles, N.V. food

Recipe No.5:
Vishwamitra tailam
Sesame oil : 200gm. (nuvvula noone)
Vasa powder : 20gm
Sonthi powder : 20gm
Atimadhuram powder : 20gm

Boil oil on SIM flame and add all powders slowly stirring after each addition. Boil till foam disappears and then remove. Store after it cools.
Usage:
Apply warm oil to the scalp every 3 days. After taking head bath do not sleep day time.

Recipe No.6:
Headache balm : -
Add 100gm bees wax to 100gm of Viswanitra tailam after placing it on SIM flame. Stir till ointment/cream is formed.
Store after cooling it.
Apply balm to head region, knee pain, neck pain, etc.

Recipe No.7:
Boil 100gm. Naatu cow’s ghee. Add one fist full sebja leaves. Boil till the leaves blacken. Filter the ghee and store. Place the ghee in a dropper bottle and put 3 drops in nostrils before half and hour of taking food.
Gives good results for headaches.

Recipe No.8:
Karakkaya powder :100gm (Fry with little ghee)
Taanikaya powder : 100gm (Fry with little ghee)
Usirikaya powder : 100gm (Fry with little ghee)
Candy sugar powder : 100gm

Mix all the powders and store in bottle.
Take ½ sp morning and evening daily.
Benefits :
Excess heat reduces, hair blacken, eyes, ears, teeth will strengthen. Headaches are reduced. Nadis in head work properly and gives good result for all headaches within 40 days.

Recipe No.9:
For instant relief:
1) Add sugar to water and drink.
2) Drink tender coconut water
3) Drink cold water.

Recipe No.10:
Take milk and coconut water in equal parts. Add equal amount of cow’s ghee to it and boil on SIM flame till ghee only remains. Filter and store the ghee. Put some ghee in dropper bottle and add two to three drops to the nostrils and breathe in.
Benefit:
Migraine headache vanishes.

Unani's recipes for HIGH B.P.

Recipe No.1:

Tulasi leaves powder : 100gm (Dry in shade and grind to powder)
Curry leaves powder : 100gm (Dry in shade and grind to powder)
Podina leaves powder : 100gm (Dry in shade and grind to powder)
Jeera powder : 50gm (Fry and powder)
Dhania : 50gm (Fry and powder)
Mix all powders and store
½ to 1 tsp. with water ½ hour before food for 40 days.
Benefits:
Heat reduces, impurities get eliminated from blood. Pitta problems are reduced. BP is controlled.

Recipe No.2:
Yoga and food precautions:
1.Dhyana in Padmasan. Visualise family God in the Hridaya chakra.
2.Avoid Gutka, brandy, whisky, tea, chilly, salt (minimize)
3.Reduce green chilly usage and substitute pepper.
4.Usage of ginger and garlic should be increased
5.Use old tamarind
6.Use Chinta chiguru powder
7.Avoid masala and N.V. food
8.Chandra bedhi Praanaayaam
9.Seethali Praanaayaam
10.Seethkari Praanaayaam

Recipe No.3:
Prepare upma of wheat ravva, moong dal, all vegetables, aaku patri along with mustard oil with ginger , jeera and saindha lavana.
Benefits:
The boiling of blood reduces and BP reduced.

Recipe No.4:
Mix curry leaves karam podi and Neem leaves (tender) leaves powder and take half to one spoon with water.
Blood clotting can be prevented, waste material in blood is thrown out.

Recipe No.5:
Pound togther Podina leaves + Curry leaves + Dhania leaves (coriander leaves) take in equal proportion and extract juice.
Add equal weight of candy sugar and boil it till thread paak is obtained.
Dosage:
2sp. Morning and evening with cold water (1/2 glass)
Can add jeera and dhania to above.

Recipe No.6:
Guiddiness:
Guiddiness comes due to excess heat in brain for BP patients. Paityam increases in liver and leads to guiddiness.
Apply Ayurvedic hair oil to head regularly.
Use sesame oil (Nuvvulu noone) or Agastya tailam or Ayurveda Prajaraksha tailam.
Massage oil on the scalp, on the left and right parts of throat in circular manner. As the oil soaks into head guiddiness decreases.
Do Chandrabedhana Praanaayaam

Recipe No.7:
(Recipe of Dr. Ajit Mehta )
Dry usirika pieces: 5 or 6
Crushed dhania: 1 spoon
Water :150gms.
Mix all the above and store it in a mud vessel overnight. Filter in early in the morning, add 1 table spoon candy sugar powder and drink.
Benefit:
1.Guiddiness is relieved within one week.
2.Excess heat in head decreases

 Unani Recipe for KASYAPA LEHYAM (FOR INDIGESTION)

RECIPE:
This Ayurvedic medicine given below can be easily prepared in house using the commonly used kitchen spices which are easily available in the market.

• Cumin seeds(Jeelakarra)
• Rock candy(Pattika Bellam)
• Ghee(Neyyi)

1. Take 100 grams of Cumin seeds, fry it lightly. Now powder it. Keep it aside.
2. Take 100 grams of Rock candy. Powder it. keep it aside.
3. Now mix the Rock candy powder with one glass of water and boil it for 1 t0 2 minutes. After 2 minutes add the Cumin seeds powder which we kept aside and start mixing the solution while boiling. While mixing the solution add 100 grams of Ghee.
4. Boil the whole solution until you get a HALWA like material and remove from the stove wait for some time.Take the medicine in a dry bottle and preserve. It should be kept in dry place and always use a dry spoon

Dosage:

• For Adults (1/2-1) tea spoon before one hour to lunch and dinner.
• For Children 1/4th tea spoon before one hour to lunch and dinner.

REMEMBER:
It is very essential to keep the medicine in dry place. Use a dry spoon whenever you open the bottle.

Unani's Recipe for KASYAPA LEHYAM (FOR INDIGESTION)

RECIPE:
This Ayurvedic medicine given below can be easily prepared in house using the commonly used kitchen spices which are easily available in the market.

• Cumin seeds(Jeelakarra)
• Rock candy(Pattika Bellam)
• Ghee(Neyyi)

1. Take 100 grams of Cumin seeds, fry it lightly. Now powder it. Keep it aside.
2. Take 100 grams of Rock candy. Powder it. keep it aside.
3. Now mix the Rock candy powder with one glass of water and boil it for 1 t0 2 minutes. After 2 minutes add the Cumin seeds powder which we kept aside and start mixing the solution while boiling. While mixing the solution add 100 grams of Ghee.
4. Boil the whole solution until you get a HALWA like material and remove from the stove wait for some time.Take the medicine in a dry bottle and preserve. It should be kept in dry place and always use a dry spoon

Dosage:

• For Adults (1/2-1) tea spoon before one hour to lunch and dinner.
• For Children 1/4th tea spoon before one hour to lunch and dinner.

REMEMBER:
It is very essential to keep the medicine in dry place. Use a dry spoon whenever you open the bottle.

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List of all Pharmacy Colleges in AP, Their Addresses and Phone numbers.

Follow this link

http://spreadsheets.google.com/pub?k...3c&hl=en&gid=0

Scientists grow human livers with stem cells!

Scientists have grown human livers with stem cells, the BBC reports. The downside is they're really small, about the size of walnuts, and it will take lots more research and probably at least five years before the development is more than just a joke to forward to heavy-drinking friends. "Not only must we learn how to grow billions of liver cells at one time in order to engineer livers large enough for patients, we must determine whether these organs are safe to use," says the lead Wake Forest researcher.

It's still being hailed as a breakthrough. Scientists took livers from ferrets and stripped away everything but the collagen structure with, as the Telegraph explains, a "mild detergent." Then they introduced the human cells, and the livers soon began growing and functioning like human organs. "Whilst 'off the shelf' new livers are clearly still a long way off, this work gives a glimmer of hope that this is no longer just the stuff of science fiction," says a UK researcher unaffiliated with the work.

It might smell fish, but a new study shows fish oil reduces breast cancer risk !

There is growing evidence that fish oil may play a role in preventing chronic disease with new research suggesting the supplements may lower the risk of breast cancer.

In a study of more than 35,000 postmenopausal women in the US, published in Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, researchers found that women who regularly took fish oil supplements were 32 per cent less likely than others to develop breast cancer over the next six years.

The effect was restricted to invasive duct breast cancer, the most common form.

The use of other supplements sometimes taken for menopausal symptoms, such as black cohosh, dong quai, soy, or St. John’s wort, was not associated with breast cancer risk.

The research is the first to demonstrate a link between the use of fish oil supplements and a reduction in breast cancer.

Despite the results the authors warned it is too early to recommend fish oil for individual use for breast cancer prevention.

“Without confirming studies specifically addressing this we should not draw any conclusions about a causal relationship,” they said.

American researchers are currently enrolling patients for the randomised Vitamin D and Omega-3 Trial which will assess the impact of fish oil supplements and vitamin D on cancer, heart disease and stroke.

Source: Pharmacy News

 Digital Pharmacy :-) :-) Hospital robots process drugs for patients in Swindon

Two robots have been installed to process prescriptions quickly and accurately for patients at a hospital in Swindon.

The project cost around £350,000 but staff at the Great Western Hospital say the robots, named Wall-E and Eve, are a great help.

Stuart Tinworth reports.

VIDEO Available here: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-10719579

 Pharmacy Graduates get low initial salary - Why? Survey tells.

Graduate pharmacists experience a "considerable" salary increase following their first year of full-time employment, despite sitting at the bottom of the pay ladder in comparison with other degree-qualified graduates, the latest findings from the Australian Graduate Survey reveal.

While pharmacists' pay packets have been a recent topic of debate on the Pharmacy News website, an early review of ongoing research from Graduate Careers Australia (GCA) shows graduates' starting salaries are not always reflective of their lifelong earning potential.


Senior research associate at the GCA, Graham Bryant, said outcomes information from the soon-to-be-released Beyond Graduation Survey reveals salary trends seen four months after graduation don't necessarily hold.

"For some of the graduates that have lower salaries their salary actually goes up considerably in that time," he told Pharmacy eNews.

"Our experience shows that pharmacy salaries tend to be lower initially because pharmacists need to go through an internship, a year of supervision. The salary does increase in later years."

The latest Australian Graduate Survey of 122,000 bachelor degree graduates revealed pharmacy had the lowest median starting salary of $35,000 in 2009. The profession was closely followed by art and design on $37,300 and humanities and social sciences on $42,000.

In contrast, graduates from other health sectors are at the top of the pay chain with the highest median starting salaries in 2009 being dentistry ($70,000) and optometry ($64,500).

The research also discovered new female bachelor degree graduates were paid around three per cent less on average than their male counterparts. While female graduates earn less on average than male graduates of a similar background and in similar employment, researchers said it pointed to an issue within the Australian labour market as a whole.

"This does not necessarily suggest that a graduate is paid less because she is female," said GCA senior research associate, David Carroll.

"It does suggest, however, that female graduates do not always have the same access to highly-paid positions as male graduates within a given field of employment."

Source: http://www.pharmacynews.com.au/artic...ce/520873.aspx

HP uses inkjet printer tech for drug discovery!

Source:
http://www.bioportfolio.com/news/art...Discovery.html
============================

It is often taken for granted these days what a precision instrument you have in your inkjet printer. But it takes very precise levels, and mixtures, of ink to do something as seemingly simple as replicate your family photos. It is surprising that it has taken even this long for a company that makes printers to realize that there are some applications to the technology in drug discovery.

HP has announced what the company is calling its first non-inkjet printer application of its printing technology, under the HP name. The technology enables pharmaceutical companies to more efficiently develop better drugs through vastly more precise dispensing of dosages, HP announced in a news release.

HP high-performance inkjet dispensing technology is now being used to speed the evaluation of how potential drug compounds impact biologic agents like cancer cells at very low concentrations. This new capability can help researchers significantly improve accuracy when evaluating drug safety and effectiveness, testing for drug interactions and developing new drugs, the company said, adding that it can also reduce costs and eliminate many tedious, time-consuming tests in the drug discovery process.

"Inkjet technology brings the same efficiencies to the drug discovery process that it brought to printing, allowing for on-demand, small-volume, high-precision production at costs significantly lower than existing analog processes,"
Mark Hanley, president of IT Strategies, an inkjet technology research firm, was quoted as saying in HP's release.

 Procedure for application to UK for higher studies

UK is a very good country for the study of pharmaceutical sciences.

It poses the following requirements.
1. UG % - 60 % - in Pharmacy, or related field*
2. IELTS score of 6.5 [not <6.0 in individual modules] / TOEFL score (90+ iBT)
3. Complete Financial documentation
4. Student visa with 2 year work permit

*requirements may change according to universities.

Advantages studying in UK!
1. Any Masters course in UK is complexly designed and is for 1 year full time.
2. You will allowed to work for 20hours per week, off-campus / on-campus
3. For part-time job average Indian in UK gets 600£ per month, which is equivalent to 50,000 INR approx.
4. Average expenses for Indian would be 400£ per month. and the rest you can save :-)
5. UK doesn't have a VISA rejection policy as USA, so it is easy to get a VISA, once the application has been approved by the UK universities.

So, If you will to study in UK, you must take the IELTS/TOEFL test in your 3rd/4th year itself. And apply to universities by February of the corresponding year for September intake
Because UK universities will consider "First come First serve" criteria, you need to apply well in advance to get an admission in UK.

Any queries are welcome. :-)

Abbott Named One of the 'Top Employers' in the Pharmaceutical Industry by Science Magazine

Abbott (NYSE: ABT) was named one of the top 20 employers in Science magazine's 2010 Top Biopharma Employers survey. The annual survey seeks to identify the companies with the best reputations as employers. According to the survey, Abbott's top three driving characteristics were: clear vision, loyal employees, and does important, quality research. The complete rankings are available online and in the Oct. 8, 2010 issue of Science.

"At Abbott, science is the foundation of our success and every day thousands of Abbott scientists work to find meaningful solutions for patients around the world," said John Leonard, M.D., senior vice president, pharmaceuticals, research and development, Abbott and chair of Abbott's scientific governing board. "Abbott is proud to be included on Science magazine's list of top employers. The ranking is further evidence that we have been successful in our effort to create a creative, collaborative scientific organization that encourages and rewards innovative thinking."

At Abbott, all employees are given opportunities to succeed, lead and grow in their careers through training, mentoring, networking groups and extensive development programs. Abbott scientists are rewarded through the Chairman's awards, President's awards, patent/inventor awards and induction into the prestigious Volwiler Society, which was established in 1985 to recognize the company's most distinguished scientists and engineers. Each year, the Volwiler Society issues "Outstanding Research" awards to the Abbott scientists and teams who have made significant contributions to their scientific fields.

About the Science Survey
Science's annual survey of Top Employers polls employees in the biotechnology, biopharmaceutical, pharmaceutical, and related industries to determine the driving characteristics of the best employers and to determine the 20 best employers in these industries. Respondents to the web-based survey were asked to rate companies based on 23 characteristics, including financial strength, easy adaptation to change, and a research-driven environment. The study was conducted and rankings were determined by an independent research firm commissioned by the business office of the journal.

Abbott Widely Recognized as a Premier Employer
In addition to the Science ranking, Abbott also has been recognized as a top employer for scientists by The Scientist magazine six times and was the highest ranked health care company on The Scientist's 2010 list. Abbott also has been one of Working Mother magazine's "100 Best Companies" for ten consecutive years and has been named a great place to work in more than 20 countries around the world. Additionally, FORTUNE has named Abbott as one of "America's Most Admired Companies" every year since the list's inception in 1983, including naming Abbott the No. 1 Most Admired Company in its industry sector in 2010, in part for the company's strong performance in people management.

About Abbott
Abbott is a global, broad-based health care company devoted to the discovery, development, manufacturing and marketing of pharmaceuticals and medical products, including nutritionals, devices and diagnostics. The company employs nearly 90,000 people and markets its products in more than 130 countries.

Abbott's news releases and other information are available on the company's Web site at http://www.abbott.com.

This miracle fruit that can kill cancer cells

Please read about this miracle fruit that can kill cancer cells
100,000* *times, more effective than chemo that gave you side effects.* *Guyabano,.. The Sour Sop Fruit*
*The Sour Sop or the fruit from the Graviola tree is a miraculous natural cancer cell killer 10,000 times stronger than Chemo.*
*Why are we not aware of this?* *Its because some big corporation want to make back their money spent on years of research by trying to make a synthetic version of it for sale.*
*So, since you know it now you can help a friend in need by letting him know or just drink some sour sop juice yourself as prevention from time to time.*
*The taste is not bad after all. It has completely natural and definitely has no side effects.*
*If you have the space, plant one in your garden.The other parts of the tree are also useful.*
*The Next Time You Have A Fruit Juice, Ask For A Sour Sop. *

*How many people died in vain while this billion-dollar drug maker concealed the secret of the miraculous Graviola tree?*
*This tree is low and is called Graviola in Brazil , Guanabana in Spanish and has the uninspiring
name "Soursop" in English.*
*The fruit is very large and the subacid sweet white pulp is eaten out of hand or, more commonly, used to make fruit drinks, sherbets and such.The principal interest in this plant is because of its strong anti-cancer effects.*
*Although it is effective for a number of medical conditions, it is its anti-tumor effect that is of most interest.*
*This plant is a proven cancer remedy for cancers of all types.*
*Besides being a cancer remedy, graviola is a broad spectrum antimicrobial agent for both bacterial and fungal infections, is effective against internal parasites and worms, lowers high blood pressure and is used for depression, stress and nervous disorders. *
*If there ever was a single example that makes it dramatically clear why the existence of Health Sciences Institute is so vital to Americans like you,it's the incredible story behind the Graviola tree.The truth is stunningly simple.*
*Deep within the Amazon Rainforest grows a tree that could literally revolutionize what you, your doctor, and the rest of the world thinks about cancer treatment and chances of survival.*
*The Future Has Never Looked More Promising.*
*Research shows that with extracts from this miraculous tree it now may be possible to:**
* Attack cancer safely and effectively with an all-natural therapy that does not cause extreme nausea, weight loss and hair loss* Protect your immune system and avoid deadly infections
* Feel stronger and healthier throughout the course of the treatment*
*Boost your energy and improve your outlook on life*
*The source of this information is just as stunning: It comes from one of America 's largest drug manufacturers, the fruit of over 20 laboratory tests conducted since the 1970's!*
*What those tests revealed was nothing short of mind numbing...*
*Extracts from the tree were shown to:

* Effectively target and kill malignant cells in 12 types of cancer,
including Colon , Breast, Prostate, Lung and Pancreatic cancer..
* The tree compounds proved to be up to 10,000 times stronger in slowing the growth of cancer cells than Adriamycin, a commonly used chemotherapeutic drug!
* What's more, unlike chemotherapy, the compound extracted from the Graviola tree selectively hunts down and kills only cancer cells.*
*It Does Not Harm Healthy Cells! *

*The amazing anti-cancer properties of the Graviola tree have been extensively researched-- so why haven't you heard anything about it?*
*If Graviola extract is as half as promising as it appears to be--*
*why doesn't every single Oncologist at every major hospital insist on using it on all his or her patients?*
*
The spine-chilling answer illustrates just how easily our health--* *and for many, our very lives are controlled by money and power. **
Graviola- -the plant that worked too well**

One of America 's biggest billion-dollar drug makers began a search for a cancer cure and their research centered on Graviola, a legendary healing tree from the Amazon Rainforest.

Various parts of the Graviola tree--including the bark, leaves, roots, fruit and fruit-seeds- -have been used for centuries by medicine men and native Indians in South America to treat heart disease, asthma, liver problems and arthritis.*
*Going on very little documented scientific evidence, the company poured money and resources into testing the tree's anti-cancerous properties-- and were shocked by the results. Graviola proved itself to be a cancer-killing dynamo. *

*But that's where the Graviola story nearly ended.

The company had one huge problem with the Graviola tree--it's completely
natural, and so, under federal law, not patentable. There's no way to make serious profits from it.

It turns out the drug company invested nearly seven years trying to synthesize two of the Graviola tree's most powerful anti-cancer ingredients.
*
*If they could isolate and produce man-made clones of what makes the Graviola so potent, they'd be able to patent it and make their money back.*
*Alas, they hit a brick wall. The original simply could not be replicated.*
*There was no way the company could protect its profits--or even make back the millions it poured into research.

As the dream of huge profits evaporated, their testing on Graviola came to a screeching halt.* *Even worse, the company shelved the entire project and chose not to publish
the findings of its research!

Luckily, however, there was one scientist from the Graviola research team whose conscience wouldn't let him see such atrocity committed.*
*Risking his career, he contacted a company that's dedicated to harvesting
medical plants from the Amazon Rainforest and blew the whistle.
**
Miracle Unleashed**
When researchers at the Health Sciences Institute were alerted to the news of Graviola, they began tracking the research done on the cancer-killing tree.*
*Evidence of the astounding effectiveness of Graviola--and its shocking cover-up--came in fast and furious.....

....The National Cancer Institute performed the first scientific research in 1976.*
*The results showed that Graviola's "leaves and stems were found effective in attacking and destroying malignant cells." Inexplicably, the results were published in an internal report and never released to the public...

Since 1976, Graviola has proven to be an immensely potent cancer killer in 20 independent laboratory tests, yet no double-blind clinical trials- the typical benchmark mainstream doctors and journals use to judge a treatment's value- -were ever initiated..
**

A study published in the Journal of Natural Products, following a recent study conducted at Catholic University of South Korea stated that one chemical in Graviola was found to selectively kill colon cancer cells at "10,000 times the potency of (the commonly used chemotherapy drug)
Adriamycin.. ."

....The most significant part of the Catholic University of South Korea report is that Graviola was shown to selectively target the cancer cells leaving healthy cells untouched.*
*Unlike chemotherapy, which indiscriminately targets all actively reproducing cells (such as stomach and hair cells), causing the often devastating side effects of nausea and hair loss in cancer patients..

...A study at Purdue University recently found that leaves from the Graviola tree killed cancer cells among six human cell lines and were especially effective against prostate, pancreatic and lung cancers...*
*Seven Years Of Silence Broken--it's Finally Here!*
*A limited supply of Graviola extract, grown and harvested by indigenous people in Brazil , is finally available in America . The full Graviola Story--including where you can get it and how to use it--is included in Beyond Chemotherapy: *
*New Cancer Killers, Safe As Mother's Milk,*
*a Health Sciences Institute FREE special bonus report on natural substances* *that will effectively revolutionize the fight against cancer.*
*From breakthrough cancer and heart research and revolutionary Amazon Rainforest herbology to world-leading anti-aging research and nutritional medicine, every monthly Health Sciences Institute Member's Alert puts in your hands today cures the rest of America --including your own doctor-is likely to find out only ten years from now.*

 Lizard Saliva Drug! Sounds a little scary 

 | by Nick O'Donoghue

Patients will be able to claim an injectable protein, based on the venom of a lizard, to control type 2 diabetes through the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS).

Byetta (exenatide), a synthetic version of a protein found in the saliva of the Gila monster lizard, will be the first glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) available on the PBS from 1 August.

Director Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Royal North Shore Hospital Dr Gregory Fulcher welcomed the addition of the treatment to the scheme.

“Levels of GLP-1 are lower in type 2 diabetes patients2. By directly mimicking the actions of GLP-1, Byetta upon ingestion of food, enhances glucose-dependent insulin secretion, suppresses postprandial glucagon secretion, reduces the amount of glucose released by the liver, slows gastric emptying and promotes satiety and reduces appetite.

“These multiple effects work together to improve overall glycaemic control,” he said.

While admitting the initial trials of Byetta looked promising, Chair of Rural and Remote Pharmacy at Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, Prof Patrick Ball stressed the importance of behavioural change in halting the development on the disease.

“Like metformin, in addition to glycemic control it appears to trend patients toward weight loss or at least avoid weight gain.

“However all drug treatments for type 2 diabetes only slow the progress of the condition. Only diet and lifestyle change can stop or reverse it,” he told Pharmacy eNews.

Source: http://www.pharmacynews.com.au/artic...ug/520045.aspx

                                                Thank you for reading this article.

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Live Course on Design & Analysis of Algorithms CLICK HERE

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Find out what your level is using this short adaptive English language test. After answering just 30 questions on English grammar, vocabulary, reading and listening, you will receive an accurate evaluation of your strengths and weaknesses in English.

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Brainbench assessment products predict employee success:

Knowledge, Skills, Abilities, Personality, Past Work Behaviors, Interview Guides, Certifications

Consulting Services

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This site name will be changed to gnitcse.blogspot.com effectively from 23-3-2013.

DBMS

Database System Concepts
Fifth Edition

Avi Silberschatz

Henry F. Korth

S. Sudarshan

We provide a set of slides to accompany each chapter. Click on the links below to download the slides in the format of your choice: Powerpoint and PDF.

Copyright Note

The slides and figures below are copyright Silberschatz, Korth. Sudarshan, 2005. The slides and figures are authorized for personal use, and for use in conjunction with a course for which Database System Concepts is the prescribed text. Instructors are free to modify the slides to their taste, as long as the modified slides acknowledge the source and the fact that they have been modified. Paper copies of the slides may be sold strictly at the price of reproduction, to students of courses where the book is the prescribed text. Any use that differs from the above, and any for profit sale of the slides (in any form) requires the consent of the copyright owners; contact Avi Silberschatz (avi@cs.yale.edu) to obtain the copyright owners consent.
NOTE: links below are to cached local copies at IIT Bombay. May not be in sync with the copies at db-book.com. NEW: pdfs are also cached locally

Chapter	Formats	Last Updated
1. Introduction	ppt, pdf	July 23, 2008
Part 1: Relational Databases
2. Relational Model	ppt, pdf	July 25, 2008
3. SQL	ppt, pdf	August 6, 2008
4. Advanced SQL	ppt, pdf	August 10, 2008
5. Other Relational Languages	ppt, pdf	September 2006
Part 2: Database Design
6. Database Design: The Entity-Relationship Approach	ppt, pdf	September 2006
7. Relational Database Design	ppt, pdf	October 2006
8. Application Design	ppt, pdf	August 9, 2005
Part 3: Object-Based Databases and XML
9. Object-Based Databases	ppt, pdf	September 20, 2005
10. XML	ppt, pdf	July, 2006
Part 4: Data Storage and Querying
11. Storage and File Structure	ppt, pdf	Aug 2006
12. Indexing and Hashing	ppt, pdf	Aug 2006
13. Query Processing	ppt, pdf	Aug 2006
14. Query Optimization	ppt, pdf	Aug 2006
Part 5: Transaction Management
15. Transactions	ppt, pdf	September 2006
16. Concurrency Control	ppt, pdf	October 5, 2006
17. Recovery System	ppt, pdf	October 5, 2006
Part 6: Data Mining and Analysis
18. Data Analysis and Mining	ppt, pdf	August 27, 2005
19. Information Retrieval	ppt, pdf	September 2, 2005
Part 7: System Architecture
20. Database System Architectures	ppt, pdf	October 5, 2006
21. Parallel Databases	ppt, pdf	August 22, 2005
22. Distributed Databases	ppt, pdf	August 22, 2005
Part 7: Other Topics
23. Advanced Application Development	ppt, pdf	Preliminary version
24. Advanced Data Types	ppt, pdf	Preliminary version
25. Advanced Transaction Processing	ppt, pdf	Preliminary version
Part 8: Case Studies
26. PostgreSQL	ppt, pdf	Not available
27. Oracle	ppt, pdf	Not available
28. IBM DB2 Universal Database	ppt, pdf	Not available
29. Microsoft SQL Server	ppt, pdf	Not available
Appendices
A. Network Model	ppt, pdf	August 23, 2005
B. Hierarchical Model	ppt, pdf	August 23, 2005
C. Advanced Relational Database Design	ppt, pdf	August 23, 2005

Network Simulator-2
Contents

1. What is NS2
2. Features of NS2
3. Basic Architecture
4. Why Two language? (TCL and C++)
5. Installing NS2 on windows 7
6. Example on NS2
7. Advantages and Disadvantages of NS2
8. References​

How to install Cygwin & NS-2 in windows

1. What is NS2

NS2 stands for Network Simulator Version 2. It is an open-source event-driven simulator designed specifically for research in computer communication networks.


2. Features of NS2
1. It is a discrete event simulator for networking research.

2. It provides substantial support to simulate bunch of protocols like TCP, FTP, UDP, HTTP and DSR.

3. It simulates wired and wireless network.

4. It is primarily Unix based.

5. Uses TCL as its scripting language.

6. Otcl: Object oriented support

7. Tclcl: C++ and otcl linkage

8. Discrete event scheduler

3. Basic Architecture
NS2 consists of two key languages: C++ and Object-oriented Tool Command Language (OTcl). While the C++ defines the internal mechanism (i.e., a backend) of the simulation objects, the OTcl sets up simulation by assembling and configuring the objects as well as scheduling discrete events. The C++ and the OTcl are linked together using TclCL





4. Why two language? (TCL and C++)
NS2 uses OTcl to create and configure a network, and uses C++ to run simulation. All C++ codes need to be compiled and linked to create an executable file.
Use OTcl

- For configuration, setup, or one time simulation, or

- To run simulation with existing NS2 modules.

This option is preferable for most beginners, since it does not involve complicated internal mechanism of NS2. Unfortunately, existing NS2 modules are fairly limited. This option is perhaps not sufficient for most researchers.



Use C++

- When you are dealing with a packet, or – when you need to modify existing NS2 modules.

This option perhaps discourages most of the beginners from using NS2. This book particularly aims at helping the readers understand the structure of NS2 and feel more comfortable in modifying NS2 modules.

5. Installing NS2 on windows 7
NS2 builds and runs under windows using Cygwin. Cygwin provides Linux like environment under windows.
System Requirements: A computer with C++ compiler. Building full NS2 package requires large memory space approximately 250MB

I. Steps to install NS 2 on windows 7 are given below
1. Download Cygwin from following link http://www.cygwin.com/setup.exe
2. Run the downloaded setup.exe and you will see screen shown below click next.



3. Select option “Install From Internet”. If you have already downloaded the package select “Install from local directory” and click next



4. Keep the default installation directory as “C:\cygwin” and click next



5. Keep default local package directory as your download folder and click next.









6. Next screen will ask for your Internet connection type keep it as “Direct connection” and click next and in next screen choose one site to download the packages and click next.



7. In next screen Cygwin will allow to select the packages you want to install



8. Uncheck the option “Hide obsolete packages” then click on “view” button till the word “category” changes to “Full”



To install NS2 you need to select and install following packages:
gcc
gcc-g++
gnuplot
make
patch
perl
tar
X-startup-scripts
xorg-x11-base
xorg-x11-bin
xorg-x11-devel
xorg-x11-bin-dlls
xorg-x11-bin-lndir
xorg-x11-etc
xorg-x11-fenc
xorg-x11-fnts
xorg-x11-libs-data
xorg-x11-xwin
libxt-devel
libXmu-devel

To select a package search the package name and click on word “skip” this will change it to version number of the package. Do this for all above packages and click next to start download and installation



9. Once installation is complete create desktop icons if you need.


NOTE: If you missed any package while installing Cygwin first time you can install it by running the setup.exe again and selecting the package in step 8.

10. Cygwin installation is complete now you can run Cygwin from desktop and see its interface.





II. Steps is to install NS2
1. Download NS2 from following link: http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/dist/ns-allinone-2.28.tar.gz

2. Decompress the file use winrar. Copy the decompressed folder the Cygwin installation directory under the subdirectory home. It will be C:\cygwin\home\system_name : where system_name is name of your system in above Cygwin installation this path will be C:\Cygwin\home\sys27

3. Run Cygwin from desktop and change the directory to folder you copied just now in step 2 command to change directory:
cd /home/sys27/ns-allinone-2.28

NOTE: please change sys27 to name of your system

4. To start installation type following command: “./install” (WITHOUT qoutes)

This will began the installation process if any Cygwin package is missing it will be reported to you if so the run Cygwin setu.exe and install the missing package and start again from step 2.

Installation is a long process and take quite some time once it is finished you will get a screen as shown below:



5. Add following lines to the .bashrc

export NS_HOME=/home/sys27/ns-allinone-2.28
export PATH=$NS_HOME/nam-1.11:$NS_HOME/tcl8.4.5/unix:$NS_HOME/tk8.4.5/unix:$NS_HOME/bin:$PATH
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$NS_HOME/tcl8.4.5/unix:$NS_HOME/tk8.4.5/unix:$NS_HOME/otcl-1.9:$NS_HOME/lib:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH
export TCL_LIBRARY=$NS_HOME/tcl8.4.5/library

NOTE: replace sys27 with your system name

6. To check if NS2 is installed correctly you can run one sample example given in ns-tutorials folder

To run the example change the directory to examples folder:
cd ./home/sys27/ns-allinone-2.28/ns-tutorial/examples

Then type following command:
ns example2.tcl





Tools for generating TCL Script for NS2
NS2 a very common and widely used tool to simulate small and large area networks. Tcl scripts are widely used in NS-2 simulation tool. Tcl scripts are used to set up a wired or wireless communication network, and then run these scripts via the NS-2 for getting the simulation results.
Several tools are available to design networks and generate TCL scripts some of them are discussed below

I. NS2 scenario Generator (NSG):

Its a java based tool that can run on any platform and can generate TCL scripts for wired and Wireless scenarios for NS2.Main features of NSG are:

1. Creating Wired and wireless nodes by drag and drop.

2. Creating Simplex and Duplex links for wired network.

3. Creating Grid, Random and Chain topologies.

4. Creating TCP and UDP agents. Also supports TCP

5. Tahoe, TCP Reno, TCP New-Reno and TCP Vegas.

6. Supports Ad Hoc routing protocols such as DSDV,

7. AODV, DSR and TORA.

8. Supports FTP and CBR applications.

9. Supports node mobility.

10. Setting the packet size, start time of simulation, end

11. Time of simulation, transmission range and interference

12. Range in case of wireless networks, etc.

13.Setting other network parameters such as bandwidth, etc for wireless scenarios

II. Visual Network Simulator (VNS):

This tool is centered on capabilities of NSG. It also provides support to Differentiated Services (DiffServ) scenarios and simple and intuitive set of icons to represent the components of a network. Some features of VNS are given below:

1. Adding and configuration of links, agents and traffic sources.

2. Modeling network scenarios with support to multicast.

3. Selection of a dynamic routing protocol.

4. Definition of the simulation output as an animation and/or graphics.

5. Edition of the Tcl script generated.

6. Saving the defined simulation scenario

III. NS 2 Workbench

Ns Bench makes NS-2 simulation development and analysis faster and easier for students and researchers without losing the flexibility or expressiveness gained by writing a script. Some features are:

1. Nodes, simplex/duplex links and LANs
2. Agents: TCP,UDP, TCPSink, TCP/Fack,TCP/FullTcp, TCP/Newreno, TCP/Reno,TCP/Sack1, TCPSink, TCPSink/Sack1,TCPSink/DelAck,
3. TCPSink/Sack1/DelAck,TCP/Vegas, Null Agent.
4. Applications/Traffic: FTP, Telent, Http/Server,Http/Client, Http/Cache, webtraf, Traffic/CBR,Traffic/Pareto, Traffic/Exponential.
5. Services: Multicast, Packet Scheduling, RED, Diff-Serv.
6. Creating “Groups” concept to compensate for “loops”.
7. Scenario generator.
8. Link Monitors.
9. Loss Models.
10. Routing Protocols
IV. Network Simulation by Mouse (NSBM)
NSBM, developed in java, is a graphical tool that is used to generate TCL script using a mouse. Nodes and links can be created with a single mouse click. You can draw a network topology with multiple nodes with only a few mouse clicks. Afterwards you click on a button and there is the TCL code, almost ready for use with the ns.
NSBM used in order to process the XML configuration data. It must provide many functions, which are specified only in the configuration data at run time. Because the classes are implementation-specific, classes generated by the binding compiler in one JAXB implementation will probably not work with another JAXB implementation. So if you change to another JAXB implementation, you should rebind the schema with the binding compiler provided by that implementation
Trace Files Generated in NS2
NS2 currently supports a number of different types of trace files. In addition to its own format, NS2 also has the Nam trace format, which contains the necessary information from the simulation to drive the Nam visualizer. Both of these trace formats are very specific when it comes to giving details about the events that occur during an NS2 simulation.
Traces and monitors represent the only support for data collection in ns-2. Traces record events related to the generation, enqueueing, forwarding, and dropping of packets. Each event corresponds to a line of ASCII characters, which contains information on the event type and the information stored into the packet
NS-2 provides three kinds of formats for wired networks: Tracing, Monitoring and NAM trace file.
I. Tracing: Trace file format is given below:
1.Operation performed in the simulation
2 Simulation time of event occurrence
3 Node 1 of what is being traced
4 Node 2 of what is being traced
5 Packet type
6 Packet size
7 Flags
8 IP flow identifier
9 Packet source node address
10 Packet destination node address
11 Sequence number
12 Unique packet identifier
​

II. Monitoring

Queue monitoring refers to the capability of tracking the dynamics of packets at a queue (or other object). A queue monitor tracks packet arrival/departure/drop statistics, and may optionally compute averages of these values. Monitoring was useful tools to find detail information about queue.

Flow monitor trace format is given below:



III. NAM trace files which are used by NAM for visualization of ns simulations. The NAM trace file should contain topology information like nodes, links, queues, node connectivity etc as well as packet trace information. A NAM trace file has a basic format to it. Each line is a NAM event. The first character on the line defines the type of event and is followed by several flags to set options on that event. There are 2 sections in that file, static initial configuration events and animation events. All events with -t * in them are configuration events and should be at the beginning of the file.

Example of NAM file is:



6. Example on NS2
NS workbench is used in following examples to create scenarios and generate TCL scripts, which are then run in NS2 to generate trace file and NAM file

To use NS workbench you will need Java Sdk installed on your system then download ns-bench jar file and execute it to start ns workbench

Example 1:

The network consists of five nodes n0 to n4. In this scenario, node n0 sends constant bit-rate (CBR) traffic to node n3, and node n1 transfers data to node n4 using a file transfer protocol (FTP). These two carried traffic sources are carried by transport layer protocols User Datagram Protocol (UDP) and Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), respectively. In NS2, the transmitting object of these two protocols are a UDP agent and a TCP agent, while the receivers are a Null agent and a TCP sink agent, respectively.

Network created by ns workbench is shown below

Then Generate the TCL script and save it. Script generated is given below:

# Creating New Simulator
set ns [new Simulator]

# Setting up the traces
set f [open outEx1.tr w]
set nf [open outEx1.nam w]
$ns namtrace-all $nf
$ns trace-all $f

proc finish {} {

global ns nf f
$ns flush-trace
puts “Simulation completed.”
close $nf
close $f
exit 0
}

#
#Create Nodes
#

set n0 [$ns node]
puts “n0: [$n0 id]”
set n1 [$ns node]
puts “n1: [$n1 id]”
set n2 [$ns node]
puts “n2: [$n2 id]”
set n3 [$ns node]
puts “n3: [$n3 id]”
set n4 [$ns node]
puts “n4: [$n4 id]”

#
#Setup Connections
#

$ns duplex-link $n0 $n2 100Mb 5ms DropTail
$ns duplex-link $n2 $n4 54Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns duplex-link $n1 $n2 100Mb 5ms DropTail
$ns duplex-link $n2 $n3 54Mb 10ms DropTail
$ns queue-limit $n2 $n3 40
$ns simplex-link $n3 $n4 10Mb 15ms DropTail
$ns simplex-link $n4 $n3 10Mb 15ms DropTail
#
#Set up Transportation Level Connections
#

set tcp0 [new Agent/TCP]
$ns attach-agent $n1 $tcp0

set udp1 [new Agent/UDP]
$udp1 set dst_addr_ Unicast
$udp1 set fid_ 1
$ns attach-agent $n0 $udp1

set null0 [new Agent/Null]
$ns attach-agent $n3 $null0

set sink0 [new Agent/TCPSink]
$ns attach-agent $n4 $sink0

#
#Setup traffic sources
#

set ftp0 [new Application/FTP]
$ftp0 attach-agent $tcp0

set cbr0 [new Application/Traffic/CBR]
$cbr0 set rate_ 2Mb
$cbr0 set packetSize_ 1000
$cbr0 attach-agent $udp1
$ns connect $udp1 $null0
$udp1 set fid_ 0
$ns connect $tcp0 $sink0
$tcp0 set fid_ 1

#
#Start up the sources
#

$ns at 0.05 “$ftp0 start”
$ns at 0.1 “$cbr0 start”
$ns at 60.0 “$ftp0 stop”
$ns at 60.5 “$cbr0 stop”
$ns at 61.0 “finish”
$ns run

Then to run the script in NS2 start Cygwin and change directory path to folder you saved your TCL script in and then use ns command to run the script.



Once the simulation is completed two files OutEx1.tr and OutEx1.nam will be generated in the same folder.

Content of Nam file


To run the Network Animator in the finish procedure of the script call nam.exe with name file name as

proc finish {} {

global ns nf f

$ns flush-trace

close $nf

close $f

exec nam outEx1.nam &

exit 0

}



7. Advantages and Disadvantages of NS2
Advantages

1. Cheap- Does not require costly equipment

2. Complex scenarios can be easily tested.

3. Results can be quickly obtained – more ideas can be tested in a smaller time frame.

4. Supported protocols

5. Supported platforms

6. Modularity

7. Popular

Disadvantages

1. Real system too complex to model. i.e. complicated structure.

2. Bugs are unreliable

8. References
1. The Network Simulator – ns-2. [Online]. Available: ttp://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/

2. Tools-for-Creating-TCL-Script-in-Network Simulator-2-NS-2