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Thursday 19 February 2015

Reading Body Language

Hi, welcome to the section of the site that's all about reading body language.
So what do I mean by "reading" it? You probably heard the phrase "I can read you like an open book", but what does it mean?
A proper 'reading' is the ability to observe nonverbal signals and compare them to the verbal message being delivered, in the right context.
So we have 3 main ingredients here:
1) Non verbal cues – body language and other cues such as vocal signals and intonations.
2) Verbal message – it's pretty straightforward – words.

3) The context – what are the circumstances? Who is the person or group in question? What culture they're from? Age? Is it cold or hot? Male or female? Social status? These things "in the background" affect our communications in subtle means, ignoring them is an amateur's mistake.

Combine these 3 ingredients together and you get a pretty accurate picture of the mood and thoughts of whom you observe.
Most people nowadays focus consciously on number 2 – the verbal message. It doesn't mean that they completely ignore the circumstances or the nonverbal communication; they just perceive and analyze it mostly subconsciously.
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Presenting a Technical Paper
 
Technical paper is a brief and to-the-point document which describes a body of technical work. There are many types of technical papers        * Original research papers

       * Survey papers 

       * Journal papers

       * Conference papers

       * Letters 


When you think of writing a paper, the following points should be remembered

       * What type of paper am I writing?

       * What do I wish to state?

       * Have I got all the background work with me?

       * Have I organized the paper? 

       * What electronic format will I use?
              e.g.: MS WORD

Organizing a paper
       When you think of writing a paper, the following things should be mentioned in the same order as mentioned below:

       * Title of the paper

       * Authors, designations, and addresses 

       * Abstract (100 to 150 words) 

       * Keywords 

       * Sections describing the work 

              a) Introduction (Background) 

              b) Previous Work (Literature Survey) 

              c) Proposed Work (Algorithm, Design, Methodology)

              d) Analysis (Complexity Analysis, Quantitative Analysis, Statistical Analysis) 

              e) Implementation and Results 

              f) Conclusions 

Abstract
        The abstract should contain the summary of your work in brief i.e. in around 100-150 words. This must bring out the novelty of our work.
Introduction: The introduction part of the paper should cover the following aspects:

       * Introduction to the problem

              a) Why is it worth solving? 


              b) What did others do?

              c) Why did they not succeed?

              d) Why do I believe I did better?

       *  Contribution of the paper

              a) Is there anything new in the paper?

              b) How good are your results?

              c) Is your survey different from other available surveys?

       *  Introduction to the paper itself

              a) The paper should be organized into Sections and Sub-sections.

                     e.g.: 1. Introduction

                                1.1 Problem Description

                                     1.1.1 Inductance Extraction

                                     1.1.2 Transmission Line Models 

                                1.2 Organization of the paper
     In Section 2, we summarize the previous work in this area. In Section 3, we present a new algorithm for …
              b) This should be followed by the brief description of the existing body of work. This should also cover
                  i) Citations to the published work
 
                     e.g.: In [2], Rosetti and Longfellow described the meaning of life.                             Wordsworth presented a different view point in [3] 
.
                  ii) The specific advantage of your work w.r.t. published work

                     e.g.: However, the Rosetti-Longfellow formula [2] fails for technologies below 0.2 micron. In this paper, we extend their  formula to the deep submicron domain.


  After the introduction work, analyse your Work. This can be done in 3 different ways:

       1) Quantitative Analysis: In this analysis, present numerical results (Eg: size of chip, clock rating..), represent tables (analyse values of different examples), draw graphs (Eg: Chip Area Vs No. of Components) and also present the improvement figures. These strengthen the work of your paper.

    2) Comparative Analysis: In this approach, we compare the different approaches to the same problem, performance of different parameters etc.

       3) Include different graphical items, figures and tables wherever necessary. They make your work more attractive.

 *  Conclusion: In this section, mention all the things that are achieved in the paper. Be frank about the limitations of your work and also point out directions for further work.

 * Basic rules to be followed in presenting a technical paper:
     
       a) Use simple sentences.

        b) Avoid repetition.

     c) Make use of spelling and grammar checker and make sure there are no mistakes, whatsoever.

      d) Use pictures, tables etc. and try conveying as much information as possible from them.

      e) Try your best in dealing with words. Reduce them to the maximum extent  possible.

       f) Make use of animations to make it look good. But, do not over-do it as they distract the audience.

When presenting your work, remember a few points:
     
 a) Who is my audience? 


      b) What is the purpose of my presentation?

      c) What should I talk about?


      d) How much time do I have?

      e) How many slides should I make?

      f) How should I handle questions?

      g) Do as many rehearsals as possible.

Now, if you are done with these, you are ready to present your technical paper.
You can choose any topic of your own interest from any branch and any stream as a paper. First, understand the paper, do the basic ground work, get to know about all the information.

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Dressing Neatly

Let’s say you are going for an interview tomorrow. You have prepared yourself well for the occasion – anticipating the questions and getting ready the answers – but have you given a thought to what you will wear? If you have not peeped into your wardrobe yet, it’s time to take a real hard look now.
   Your application’s fate depends not just on how well you answer the interview questions, but also on how well you project yourself physically. The first impression your interviewer makes about you is based on the way you look, and you know what they say about first impressions. “The way a person dresses is the single biggest non-verbal communication you make about yourself.”

    “Although proper dressing by itself will not get you the job, a poor dress sense may exclude you from further consideration”. Besides, given two equally good applications, the company may choose to hire the person who is dressed more professionally. Here are some tips to give you a head start.
   Along with dress code a sense of colour and style combination is also explained. Hair styles and use of accesaries is another area which needs good attention. During the MOCK sessions, before first placement drive, students are made to follow the professional dress code and the checking of it will be done by the seniors, who are already selected in top companies.
 
MEN
 
  Long-sleeved shirt and dark slacks. White is still the safest and the best color for shirts. The colour is also appropriate for our tropical weather. Also acceptable: pale shades such as beige, blue, and other pastels.
   Tuck in the shirt and do not roll up the sleeves. Never wear a short-sleeved shirt to an interview or any business purpose. Wearing a short-sleeve shirt will destroy your executive image.
 
Ties: Optional. But if you do wear one, choose a conservative pattern. Solids, small polka dots, diagonal stripes, small repeating shapes, subtle plaids and paisleys are all acceptable.
 
Belts: Belts should match your shoes. Those with smaller buckles with squared lines look more professional.
Socks: Black socks are the best, followed by blue or gray, depending on your attire. Never wear white socks! Check your sock length, too- -no skin should show when you sit down or cross your legs. Shoes. Black or burgundy leather shoes with laces on them, because tassel loafers are very casual. Other suitable colors are brown, cordovan and navy. Hair. Keep neat, short and preferably parted on the side. And shave off all those facial hair.
 
Accessories: As much as possible, use folders to hold copies of your resume. Make sure that all your certificates (original & at least 3 copies Xerox) are with you.
 
WOMEN
   Light colour Punjabi suits, with the chunni preferably pinned, (trying to fix the chunni is a distraction in the interview process).
 
Hair: Hair longer than shoulder length should be worn up or pulled back. Don’t let it fall in front of your face and don’t keep trying to fix it during the interview. Avoid large hair ornaments and trendy hairstyles.
 
Make-up: Be subtle; natural is the key word. Light shades of lip coloring and nail polish are recommended.
 
Jewellery: Be conservative. Studs of gold, silver or pearls are best. Do away with gaudy fashion jewelers, and those that clank and make noise when one moves.
 
Accessories: Folders and bags should blend well with the total professional look.
WOMEN
 MEN
* Solid color, conservative suit, saree, chudidhar etc.
* Coordinated blouse
* Moderate sandals
* Limited jewelry
* Neat, professional hairstyle
* Tan or light hosiery
* Sparse make-up & perfume
* Manicured nails
* Portfolio or briefcase

Books to be referred

Quantitative Aptitude by R.S.Agarwal
* Verbal and non verbal reasoning by R.S.Agarwal
* Let us C by Yashwant Kanetkar
* GRE Barrons Old edition (For Analytical Questions)
* Puzzles to Puzzle You and More Puzzles (2 books) by Shakuntaladevi * Barrons guide for verbal ability.
* Puzzles & Teasers (George J.Summers)
* Brain Teasers (Ravi Narula) etc.

Useful websites:
www.placement-paper.com
www.careersvalley.com
www.indiabix.com
freshersitpapers.blogspot.in
www.freshersworld.com

 General Topics to be prepared for Interview
   Number System, Averages, Ratios & Proportions, Percentages, Profit & Loss, Time & Work, Time & Distance, Simple & Compound Interest, Simple Equations & Ages, Probability Series & Sequence, Coding, Decoding, Directions, Blood relations, Seating Arrangements, Clocks & Calendars, Symbols & Notations Cubes, Logical Deductions, Figure Analysis, Puzzles, Data Sufficiency, Data Interpretation etc. Verbal ability
     Synonyms, Antonyms, Identifying Errors, Sentence Correction, Sentence Completion, articles, prepositions, suitable verb form etc.
Technical ability
    C and Data Structures, OOP Languages like C++, Java, Algorithms, DBMS, MAT lab etc.

Selection of Candidate
1. Scrutiny of the students
    The data base of the students is prepared based on their qualifications, academic credentials and technical expertise. Majority of the companies choose students with a minimum of 65% throughout academic career starting from SSC onwards. Top MNC’s like Microsoft, Google, Oracle prefer students with 85% and above. The students should never neglect their academics and continue to maintain good CGPA or percentage and also plan not to have any backlogs otherwise golden opportunities to be recruited in renowned organizations during engineering education would be missed.
2. Written Test
     The eligible students will be asked to appear for a written test. The test consists of
    * Aptitude skills – Quantitative, Analytical & Reasoning ability
    * Verbal ability – English grammar & vocabulary
    * Technical ability – knowledge on core subjects
3. Technical interview
     The selected students from the written test face the next round that deals with technical competency, core subject knowledge, project particulars, industry needs.
4. HR round
     Finally, HR round emphasizes on student’s communication ability, team work, attitude, behavior, manners, positive thinking, etiquette etc. Ultimately, the selected student is offered an appointment letter. Some companies also include Group discussions, Presentations, Debates, Managerial capabilities to scrutinize the student’s before or after a technical interview.
Group discussion
    It is mainly used as a part of elimination process that tests the candidates:
    * Leadership skills
    * Initiation
    * Confidence
    * Team work
    * Understanding others view points
    * Emotional balance
    * Exposure to current affairs.
Presentation: The aspirant is given a topic on spot and within a stipulated time ( 15 – 30 mins), he/she should be ready with a PPT on a choosen topic. Sometimes the candidate should be ready to given an extempore.
It tests
    * Pronunciation skills
    * Clarity in expression
    * Logical arrangement of points
    * Accuracy
    * Presentation style
    * Body language
    * Fluency
    * Confidence level
Debate
     Debate normally tests
    * Emotional balance
    * Stability
    * Cope with disagreements
    * Steadiness
    * Team work
    * Content knowledge
Managerial capabilities
     Some companies test the candidate’s
    * Managing skills
    * Working under pressure
    * Solving or resolving problems
    * Project based issues
    * Team management
    * Meeting the targets etc.

Interview Tips

1. Before the interview
Knowing the employer:
       The aspirants should gather basic and vital information regarding the recruiting companies like their history, background, size, organization, structure, services, administration, officers, work culture, priorities, problems, policies, philosophies, potential advancement etc.
Knowing oneself:
       one should evaluate oneself in terms of ones strengths, weaknesses, career objectives, goals and interests.
Effective resume and cover letter:
       Resume is the mirror which gives a company complete picture of the candidate. It is a medium to market oneself. The aspirant should prepare an effective resume and an effective cover letter. Some tips:
* Limit the length. One page should be sufficient.
* Construct using action verbs, adjectives.
* Focus on skills and facts, using key words.
* Use concrete words to describe experiences.
* Focus on career objective.
* Use reverse chronology while mentioning details. (starting from recent achievements)
* Minimize vertical and horizontal lines, italics, underlines, graphics, shadows, and boxes.
* Use standard typefaces, with a font size of 10 - 14 points.
* Make sure that it is free of spelling, grammatical, and typographical errors.
* Use proper margins and spend time formatting it properly.
* Do not condense spacing between letters.
* Never lie.
* Avoid personal pronouns in the resume.
* Select paper that is light in color and has a fairly plain background so it can be copied, scanned, or faxed easily.
* Print it on a laser printer.
* Print on one side only.
* Do not fold or staple.

2. During the interview: The aspirants should follow important tips like
* being on time
* dressing neatly & comfortably
* being confident, enthusiastic, sincere, optimistic, attentive
* displaying good eye contact and patience with accurate body language and excellent communication skills.
* Carrying a well prepared resume and cover letter.
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Seven Tips for Good Career

1. Know Thyself!
     Not everyone is good in each and every field. Each one of us has our fortes and weaknesses too. But that’s not a stumbling block! What we look for are people who know their area of specialization and are an expert in it. Therefore, it pays to be a master in some fields if not the jack of all. The most common mistakes many make is to profess knowing a field of which they know little about. Remember that huge and bulky resumes are as tough to read as they are to make. So, identify your skill set, and keep your resumes simple and straight. Know your limits and polish on your strengths.
2. Testing what you know and NOT what you Don’t.
     Many interviewers may ask the student the subjects that she/he wishes to be interviewed upon. Answer this wisely! Never end up choosing a difficult subject that you know only little about, rather choose the one you are most confident of.
3. Rack Your Brain – Analyze
     The interview is not just limited to testing your knowledge base, but we are also interested in knowing your ability to apply it. Often questions that need to be solved then and there are asked. Now keep in mind – the right answer is not the only thing being looked at. The focus area is also the way in which you attack the problem i.e. approach to problem solving is equally important. So, remember to put your thinking caps on!
4. Ask for Help!      Remember the interviewers is not there to grill the confidence out of you, but to bring forth the best in. just in case you are stuck, ask for a hint(of course, don’t try this too often!)!. Things might just click. Also, stay alert for clues.
5. What are your biggest accomplishments      You may like to begin your reply with: “Although I feel my biggest achievements are still ahead of me, I am proud of my involvement with ….. I made my contribution as part of that team and learnt a lot in the process”.
It will be a good idea to close your answer with also specifying what attributes and circumstances made you succeed.
6. Be Calm, have Clear Verbal and Sound Non-Verbal Communication      Calmness shows emotional maturity. A clear verbal communication implies clarity of the thought process. One should also watch out for the impressions made in non-verbal communications. Body language and facial expressions can assist you in establishing a good rapport with the interviewer. Pauses, silences and gestures may all indicate what you mean, or would like to emphasize.
7. Two-Way Exchange Process      The interview process is a two-way exchange of information. Make sure you also understand about the company, its activities, job requirements. The company is in need for good candidates and you need a good company to launch your career. Interview is an opportunity to present yourself and your skills to your best advantage. Make sure you make the most out of it. And YOU are the best one to do it!!
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Applications of different trades in engineering workshop are shown in the following table: -
 
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Practicals in Engineering

 Aims of Laboratory Practices
     Lab sessions are provided to the students with the following objectives
  1. *  Stimulate interest in theory subjects and motivate them
  2.  
  3. *  Help learn how to link theory with practice
  4.  
  5.  
  6. *  Develop skills and techniques through practice
  7.  
  8.  
  9. *  Understand how to use the equipment
  10.  
  11.  
  12. *  Develop scientific temperament and problem solving techniques
  13.  
  14.  
  15. *  Improve observational skills
  16. * 
  17.  
  18. Develop the skills of analyzing and justifying the difference in expected     versus actual results
  19.  
  20.  
  21.  
  22. *  Drawing conclusions and evaluative skills
  23.  
  24.  
  25. *  Learn the ability to work as a team member and hence develop personal skills
  26.  
  27.  
  28. *  Encourage the student to think on different ways and practicing in the    subject - learning to think and behave like, for example, an engineer or a chemist
  29.  
  30.  
  31. *  Encourage the students to develop the art of experimenting which is very essential to engineering
  32.  
  33.  
  34. *  Help the students develop the skills and attitude necessary for a successful   professional career
  35.  
  36.  
  37. *  Opportunities for staff and students to get to know each other and discuss the discipline   
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A Career in Ethical Hacking

Ethical hackers prevent us from hacking and the hacker activities. In a true sense hacking was a harmless activity, but later associated with crime and criminals. Companies employ ethical hackers to test system security and report problems without taking any advantage. Ethical hacker is sometimes called a white hat and an unethical hacker is called a black hat. White hats try to break the system to fix the problem where as black hats break the system for financial benefit.
 
For hacking to be deemed ethical, the hacker must obey certain rules.
1. Hacker must have permission to probe the network and attempt to identify security risks.
2. Must respect the individual's or company's privacy and only go looking for security issues.
3. Must report all security vulnerabilities detected to the company, not leaving anything open for someone else to come in at a later time.
4. Must let the software developer or hardware manufacturer know about any security vulnerabilities located in their software or hardware if not already known by the company.
The work that ethical hackers do for organizations has helped improve system security and is quite successful.

        The main advantage ethical hacking is that companies are able to pay computer techs to attack their own system to learn where the weak spots are. This prevents identity theft and the leaking of vital information. When a company learns about security lacking in their system, it allows them to implement stronger security measures.
        The disadvantage of ethical hacking is the temptation that arises from the knowledge that is gained. A person may be tempted to do something unethical for personal gain. Further disadvantages could lead to security breach and development of malicious viruses or malware.
        The various types of hacking are e-mail hacking, google hacking, websites and databases hacking, windows passwords cracking, metasploit, wireless cracking, mobile hacking, etc. Various techniques implemented in hacking are:
 
1. Phishing:
         It the act of attempting to acquire information such as usernames, passwords, and credit card details by masquerading as a trustworthy entity. Phishing emails may contain links to websites are infected  malware. is typically carried out by email spoofing   instant messaging, and it often directs users to enter details in a fake website whose look and feel  almost identical the original site. Various Phishing techniques are Spear phishing, Clone phishing, Whaling etc.
 
2. Key logger:
        A logger a hardware device or a software program that records the real time activity of a computer user including the keyboard keys they press. Most key loggers allow not only keyboard keystrokes be captured but also are often capable of collecting screen captures from the computer. Key loggers are sometimes part of malware  downloaded onto computers without the owners' knowledge. Detecting the presence of a key logger on a computer can be difficult. There are 2 types of key loggers: a. Software key logger
     i. Remote
     ii. Local b. Hardware key logger * Perfect key logger is software which captures the keystrokes on victim system. * www.blazingtools.com to detect if keylogger is present in the system.
 
3. Trojan horse:
         A horse, or , is a hacking program which gains privileged access to the operating system, often including a backdoor allowing unauthorized access to the target's computer. do not attempt to inject themselves into other files like a computer virus. Trojan horses steal information, or harm their host computer systems. may use drive-by downloads  install via online games or internet-driven applications in order to reach target computers. * Beast Trojan horse is software to create Trojan horses and to send to the victim system
 
4. Social engineering:
        A It is a term that describes a non-technical kind of intrusion that relies heavily on human interaction and often involves tricking other people to break normal security procedures. It can be easier to trick people than to hack into computing systems by force. Social engineers get personal information or access to computing systems by exploiting people's natural tendency to want to trust and be helpful, and by taking advantage of our tendency to act quickly when faced with a crisis. Social Engineer commonly use email, the Internet, or the telephone to trick people into revealing sensitive information or get them to do something that is against policy. Some different types of social engineering are: * Spam scams/phishing: through e-mails, steal personal or private information or passwords, or trick you out of money. * Impersonation: attackers pose as someone in authority, or an IT representative, in order to obtain information or direct access to systems. For targeted attacks, hackers will even go through dumpsters or do other research so they know enough to convince you to trust them.
 
BNC:
         A  (short for ) is a piece of software that is used to relay traffic and connections in computer networks, much like a proxy. Using a BNC allows a user to hide the original source of the user's connection, providing privacy  well as the ability to route traffic through a specific location. A BNC also be used to hide the true target to which a user connects. * Tomodo firewall and zone alarm firewall are the 2 firewalls which can help the victim to     close all the proxy paths. * www.whatismyip.com to show the original public ip address * www.proxy.org show 1000’s of proxy’s that a hacker can use to hide his public ip     address. * www.newipnew.com to get new proxy ip address * Tor software is used to create chain of proxy addresses * www.sectools.org to download ip bouncers by hackers * Cavaj is a decompiler of java which gives source code by inputting .class file * Havij is an advanced SQL injection tool used by hackers to extract data from database    by copying URL of a website. Make sure the sites are not venerable to hackers. * Wireshark software is the best sniffer (a technique that captures packets over network)     in the world, which can show the various operations performed on a webpage.
    Key stroke is the most frequently used hacking technique by level – 1 hacker.
Career Opportunity
    
According to the Government of India, a demand for 4.7lakh Cyber Security Professionals is estimated by 2015. Various organizations including banks, hotels, airlines, telecom companies, ITES companies, outsourcing units, retail chains, Internet companies, E-Commerce ventures, police departments, government agency and others are hiring full time Cyber Security experts to improve the security of their network infrastructure. 
         To become a CEH a 4/6 months Training is provided in Certified Ethical Hacker various Ethical Hacker Analysts 5 Cities Across India (Delhi, Bangalore, Lucknow, Chennai and Hyderabad).
 
Skills required:
1. Ability to write programs in many programming languages C, C++, Perl, Python, and Ruby.
2. Working with web applications, Microsoft .NET and PHP. Knowledge of assembly language is also essential for those who want to analyze disassembled binaries.
3. Knowledge of a variety of operating systems (Microsoft Windows, various versions of Linux, etc) is critical.
4. Experience with various network devices, including switches, routers and firewalls is also important.
5. An ethical hacker should also have a basic understanding of TCP/IP protocols such as SMTP, ICMP and HTTP.
6. In addition to technical skills, an ethical hacker needs good soft skills.
7. Perhaps the most important skill, however, is adaptability.
A fresher may work as an intern for a couple of months and can start with a minimum of Rs 2.5lakh per annum. With one year of experience, one can expect up to Rs 4.5lakh per annum. Those with work experience five years or more can get from 10-12lakh per annum.
 
Job designations:
        Ethical hacking faculty, Ethical hacking manager, Ethical hacking trainer etc.
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Measuring Accurately EIE

 Instrumentation and control engineers design, manufacture, and fix snags in devices or systems that are used to measure or control physical quantities such as temperature, pressure, level and flow etc. They step in wherever ‘sensing’ of physical
quantities is required and work in power plants, chemical plants, manufacturing facilities, oil refineries, the steel industry as well as with drug makers and software and hardware companies. Instrumentation engineers typically work for industries with automated processes, such as chemical or manufacturing plants, with the goal of improving system productivity, reliability, safety, optimisation and stability. The control of processes is one of the main branches of applied instrumentation. Skills to be developed by the student
         Electronics and Instrumentation engineers will develop skills in specific control disciplines such as Process control (PC), advanced process control (APC), distributed control systems (DCS), programmable logic controllers (PLC), supervisory control and data acquisition(SCADA), Microcontrollers and Microprocessors, Analog and Digital electronics circuits, Software and Hardware required in the design of different instrumentation and control systems. The use of these disciplines will depend on the
exact nature of individual job roles.
         The completion of course in this department equips the students with an awareness of various sensors, process parameter, controlling techniques that are the heart of any successful industry. Job Prospects or Career Options
        Electronics and Instrumentation branch having a good chance in Process Industries like GINTAL, SAIL, HNL, Reliance, FACT, KRL, BHEL, Chemical Industries, Petroleum Industries etc, in India/ Abroad. But, attractive salary are being offered by Gulf Countries. Gujrat, Mumbai and Pune are also a good place for Instrumentation Engineers.
      Electronics and Instrumentation Engineers (EIE) has good scope and Career options in core as well as software industries. EIE students are eligible for all the jobs which are for Electronics and Electrical Engineer, Electronics and Communication Engineering & Mechanical Engineering branches.
      Electronics and Instrumentation engineers can get jobs in R&D units of public and private sector companies. They are also required by the Heavy industries such as Thermal Power Stations, Steel Plants, Refineries, Process Industries like Cement, Textile, Sugar, Dairy, Pharmaceutical and Fertilizer Plants both in Govt and private sectors like N.F.L., BHEL, Honey well, Samsung, Siemens, Texas Instruments, NTPC, GAIL, ONGC, EIL, ABB India, National Instruments, IOCL, and SAIL. Tasks & responsibilities for EIE
        They carry out the task of measuring, doing research, installing, developing, testing, maintaining and designing various instruments used in the industry. With computer aided processors and automation techniques, these engineers formulated ways to control the system. To put it crisply, they aim to ‘measure the world accurately and to control it precisely. The following are the major tasks: * Research and Design * Development * Maintaining and Modifying * Managing Operations * Servicing * Purchasing and Marketing
      Working collaboratively with design engineers, operation engineers, purchasers and other internal staff; Contacting clients, suppliers, contractors and relevant authorities, Project management within cost and time constrained environments, Troubleshooting and problem-solving, Understanding and ensuring compliance with the health and safety regulations and quality standards and Providing advice and consultancy support. Areas Under instrumentation Engineering * Study of Measurements & Design of Measuring Instruments * Calibration of Measuring Instruments/ Control Equipments * Quality Analysis & Quality Check * Design of Control Equipments * Design of Biomedical Instruments * Embedded Control Systems * Process Signal Analysis & Study * Industrial Control/ Instrumentation/ Automation Engineering * Control of flow of charge in automated systems * Methods to increase system productivity * Research new technology and design Industry overview
         Instrumentation engineering is one of the complicated but sophisticated branches of engineering discipline which deals with the control and measurement of the flow of charge in automated systems. The professionals who are involved in these activities are known as Instrumentation Engineers. This field of engineering equips an individual with knowledge of control and measurement of system for efficient productivity, reliability, safety and stability. Now a days, the demand for a good Instrumentation Engineer is increased very much. For a good quality and speedy production, all Industries are trying for automated machines and control equipments. Because of that, the chance for instrumentation/control equipment designers, installers, operators, and analysers are increased a lot. The Instrumentation Engineer decides the type of instruments needed for ensuring better quality and efficiency of the end products, in any industrial undertaking.

 Job Prospects & Remuneration
        Career opportunities in this are immense and challenging. There exist enough employment opportunities with user industries such as Steel, Chemical, Thermal power
stations, Fertilizer, Petrochemicals, Cement, Refineries power industry and so on. The Instrumentation Engineer is more in demand in R&D Units of government, Defence and private sector. One can also explore employment opportunities with instrument manufacturers and the growing industrial automation industry. One may choose to move sideways into other career areas either within or outside their industry. This might include areas such as purchasing, sales, marketing, finance, HR, IT or general management.
        
These engineers can pursue consultancy - based work. Those who have an aptitude use their expertise they have gained in industry and engage in academic research in universities or acquire a tutoring/coaching role as a lecturer or trainer of instrumentation engineers.
       
  The average starting monthly salary of instrumentation engineering graduates in India ranges between Rs.10,000 – Rs.20,000. Fresh graduates from elite technological institutions like Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs), National Institutes of Technology (NITs) and Birla Institute of Technology get more remuneration as compared to others. Also many deemed universities are also getting more salary package. In the year of 2011, the students are selected from Deemed Universities with an average monthly package of Rs.38,000 and from IIT’s it’s around 45,000 p/m. Senior instrumentation experts with more than five years of working experience can earn anywhere between Rs. 35,000 and Rs. 85,000 per month or even more.
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