String Functions in sql server
Substring/Len/replace/Ltrim/Rtrim
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Monday 25 March 2013
SQL Server Interview Question - Part 2
What is normalization?Normalization is the basic concept used in designing a database. Its nothing but, an advise given to the database to have minimal repetition of data, highly structured, highly secured, easy to retrieve. In high level definition, the Process of organizing data into tables is referred to as normalization.
What is a stored procedure:
Stored procedures are precompiled T-SQL statements combined to perform a single task of several tasks. Its basically like a Macro so when you invoke the Stored procedure, you actually run a set of statements. As, its precompiled statement, execution of Stored procedure is compatatively high when compared to an ordinary T-SQL statement.
What is the difference between UNION ALL Statement and UNION ?
The main difference between UNION ALL statement and UNION is UNION All statement is much faster than UNION,the reason behind this is that because UNION ALL statement does not look for duplicate rows, but on the other hand UNION statement does look for duplicate rows, whether or not they exist.
Example for Stored Procedure?
They are three kinds of stored procedures,1.System stored procedure – Start with sp_2. User defined stored procedure – SP created by the user.3. Extended stored procedure – SP used to invoke a process in the external systems.Example for system stored proceduresp_helpdb - Database and its propertiessp_who2 – Gives details about the current user connected to your system. sp_renamedb – Enable you to rename your database
What is a trigger?
Triggers are precompiled statements similar to Stored Procedure. It will automatically invoke for a particular operation. Triggers are basically used to implement business rules.
What is a view?
If we have several tables in a db and we want to view only specific columns from specific tables we can go for views. It would also suffice the needs of security some times allowing specfic users to see only specific columns based on the permission that we can configure on the view. Views also reduce the effort that is required for writing queries to access specific columns every time.
What is an Index?
When queries are run against a db, an index on that db basically helps in the way the data is sorted to process the query for faster and data retrievals are much faster when we have an index.
What are the types of indexes available with SQL Server?
There are basically two types of indexes that we use with the SQL ServerClustered -
1. It will format the entire table, inturn physically sort the table.
2. Only one clustered index can be created for a table.
3. Data will be located in the leaf level.
4. By default, primary key will create clustered index on the table.
Non-Clustered Index
1. It wont touch the structure of the table.
2. It forms an index table as reference to the exact data.
3. A reference to the data will be located in the leaf level.
4. For a table, we can create 249 non clustered index.
Happy Learning!!!
Regards,
SQL Interview question
Happy LearnszImran
What is DTS in SQL Server ?
Data Transformation Services is used to transfer the data from one source to our required destination. Considering am having some data in sql server and I need to transfer the data to Excel destination. Its highly possible with dialogue based tool called Data Transformation services. More customization can be achieved using SSIS. A specialized tool used to do such migration works.
What is the difference between SQL and Pl/Sql ?
Straight forward. SQL is a single statement to finish up our work.Considering, I need some data from a particular table. “Select * from table” will fetch the necessary information. Where as I need to do some row by row processing. In that case, we need to go for Procedural Logic / SQL.
What is the significance of NULL value and why should we avoid permitting null values?
Null means no entry has been made. It implies that the value is either unknown or undefined.We should avoid permitting null values because Column with NULL values can't have PRIMARY KEY constraints. Certain calculations can be inaccurate if NULL columns are involved.
Difference between primary key and Unique key?
Both constraints will share a common property called uniqueness. The data in the column should be unique. The basic difference is,
· Primary key won’t allow null value. Whereas, unique key will accept null value but only one null value.
· On creating primary key, it will automatically format the data inturn creates clustered index on the table. Whereas, this characteristics is not associated with unique key.
· Only one primary key can be created for the table. Any number of Unique key can be created for the table.
Data Transformation Services is used to transfer the data from one source to our required destination. Considering am having some data in sql server and I need to transfer the data to Excel destination. Its highly possible with dialogue based tool called Data Transformation services. More customization can be achieved using SSIS. A specialized tool used to do such migration works.
What is the difference between SQL and Pl/Sql ?
Straight forward. SQL is a single statement to finish up our work.Considering, I need some data from a particular table. “Select * from table” will fetch the necessary information. Where as I need to do some row by row processing. In that case, we need to go for Procedural Logic / SQL.
What is the significance of NULL value and why should we avoid permitting null values?
Null means no entry has been made. It implies that the value is either unknown or undefined.We should avoid permitting null values because Column with NULL values can't have PRIMARY KEY constraints. Certain calculations can be inaccurate if NULL columns are involved.
Difference between primary key and Unique key?
Both constraints will share a common property called uniqueness. The data in the column should be unique. The basic difference is,
· Primary key won’t allow null value. Whereas, unique key will accept null value but only one null value.
· On creating primary key, it will automatically format the data inturn creates clustered index on the table. Whereas, this characteristics is not associated with unique key.
· Only one primary key can be created for the table. Any number of Unique key can be created for the table.
SQL Server Interview questions - Part 1
What is the significance of NULL value and why should we avoid permitting null values?Null means no entry has been made. It implies that the value is either unknown or undefined.We should avoid permitting null values because Column with NULL values can't have PRIMARY KEY constraints. Certain calculations can be inaccurate if NULL columns are involved.
What is SQL whats its uses and its component ?
The Structured Query Language (SQL) is foundation for all relational database systems. Most of the large-scale databases use the SQL to define all user and administrator interactions. It enable us to retrieve the data from based on our exact requirement. We will be given a flexibility to store the data in our own format.
The DML component of SQL comprises four basic statements:
* SELECT to get rows from tables
* UPDATE to update the rows of tables
* DELETE to remove rows from tables
* INSERT to add new rows to tables
My T-SQL Gallery @code.msdn.microsoft
Created my own T-SQL Gallery in Microsoft site. Do visit the same and share your feedback,
http://code.msdn.microsoft.com/VenkatSQLSample/Thread/List.aspx
Thanks and Regards,
SQL Interview questions
Table Level:
Maximum Number of tables : No restrictions (Until your harddisk size you can create tables)
Maximum bytes per row in the table : 8060 bytes
Maximum tables in a select statment - 256
Maxiumu references per table - 253
Maximum rows in the table - Unlimited (Depends on the storage)
Maximum columns per base table : 1024
Maximum columns per insert statment : 1024
Maximum columns per Select statment : 1024 * 4 = 4096
Bytes per Group by or Order by = 8000
Index:
Maximum clustered index per table - 1
Maximum Non-clustered index per table - 249
Maximum Columns in an index (composite index) - 16
Keys:
Maximum Columns in a Primary key - 16
Maximum Columns in a Foreign key - 16
Objects:
Nested Stored procedure levels- 32
Nested triggers levels- 32
Parameters per stored procedure - 2100
Parameters per User defined functions - 2100
Identifier length - 16
Database Level Details:
Number of instances for a server - 50
Files per database - 32767
Filegroups per database - 32767
Databases per instance of SQL Server - 32767
How to choose the Best Computer Training Institute.
Today because of good salaries and growth, every engineering student irrespective of their specialization wants to get the job in I.T industry.
A decade back when a student graduated engineering had only two choices:
1) Campus Placements: Get a Job in any software development organization through campus interviews and they provide required training.
2) Off-Campus: Learn computer programming after graduation in software training centers and look out for jobs through News papers Ads or consultancy.
The trend has changed today; just to be competitive enough every student wants to have a professional and more practical oriented training on computers during their 3rd or 4th year of graduation.
To meet the requirement of such a big volume of training, we now find innumerable number of training institutes in cities like Hyderabad and Secunderabad. Only GOD knows how many of them really want to give QUALITY education and how many are just to make quick money from the students.
Coming to the main point: How should a student know which is good training institute and which institute will give best value for their money and time?
Following are few points which every student should keep in mind while deciding:
1) Filter your choice from discussions forums on internet about which institutes gives best training. For example if you are looking for MS.NET training,
>>search in google.com for "Best MS.NET training in Hyderabad or Secunderabad"
2) Do a survey about the training institutes past history and the faculties. Check if they are having any software development experience, is their training based on the approach used in project execution.
3) Do ask your friends and relatives, but don’t solely depend on their advice.
4) See if the institute provides a dependable training material. But ensure that it’s not just another text book. The material should be matching to what is taught by the trainer in class.
5) Never pay fees in any institutes without attending the DEMO session by the faculty.
6) Don’t join any institutes just because it’s charging lesser fees. Students pay thousands for their academics but when it comes to computer training few students wants to compromise…Please don’t do this….The professional training taken by you can actually become the turning point of your career.
7) Make sure that the faculty is going to stay with the institute at least till your course ends. Lots of faculties are into training not by choice and passion but because they don’t get a job in software development. They would disappear from the training institute the day they get a better opportunity.
ExamsHub hopes these points will help every student in their decision making and setting the right path for a good future.
All the best!
NTU-HYD : B.Tech 4-1 (R09) Important/Easy units to study for external exams - 2012
Note :
If any of u want to share ur branches subjects easy units to study just reply to this posting. we will update them in the posting.You can pick up ur own units to prepare for exams. This topic is just to give some reference to study for exams, which is collected from different students.
A
Advance Computer Architecture (ACA) : 1,2,3,7,8 Units
Artificial Intelligence 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7
Artificial Neural Networks 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7
C
CAD / CAM : 1,3,4,5,8 Units.
COMPUTER NETWORKS : 1, 3, 5, 6, 7 and 8 Units
Computer Graphics : 1,2,3,6,8 Units
D
Design Patterns : 1,2 & remaining of urs choice (Question Paper Might be some out tough.so prepare well).
Digital Image Processing :1,2,6,7,8 Units
Digital Control systems : 1,2,4,5,6 Units.
DSP Processors & Architecture : 1,2,3,5,7 Units
E
Embedded & Real Time Systems : 1,2,3,4,8 Units.
Embedded Systems (ES) : 1,2,3,4,8 Units.
Electrical Distribution Systems : 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8
H
High Voltage Engineering : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
Human Computer Interaction : 1,2,3,5,7 Units
I
Information Retrieval Systems : 1,2,3,4,6,8
Instrumentation : 1,2,3,4,8 Units.
L
Linux Programming : 1,2,3,4,5,8
M
Management Science : 1,2,3,6,7,8 Units.
Microwave Engineering : 3,4,6,7,8 Units.
Micro Processor and Micro Controller : 1,3,4,6,8 Units.
Mobile Computing : 1,2,4,6,7,8 Units
O
Object Oriented Analysis and Design : 1, 2,3,4,5 and 8 Units.
Optimization Techniques : 1,2,3,5,6 Units.
P
Power System operation and Control : 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7
S
Soft Computing : 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8
Switchgear and Protection : 1,2,4,5,8 Units.
T
Telecommunication Switching Systems : 1,2,3,4,5,6 Units.
U
Utilization of Electrical Energy : 1,2,3,6,7 Units.
V
VLSI Design : 1,2,5,6,7,8 Units
W
WEB TECHNOLOGIES : I, II, III, V, VI and VIII Units
Important/Easy Units for External Exams For JNTU-HYD,JNTU-KAKINADA & JNTU-ATP
Click Here For 2-2,3-2,4-2 Important/Easy Units
4-1 CSE/IT (R07) For JNTU-HYD, JNTU-KAKINADA & JNTU-ANANTAPUR| WEB TECHNOLOGIES : I, II, III, V, VI and VIII Units |
| Human Computer Interaction (HCI) : 1,2,3,5,7 Units |
| Network Programming (NP) : 1,2,3,7,8 Units |
| Multimedia and Application Development (MAD) : 1,2,5,6,7,8 Units |
| Mobile Computing (MC) : 1,2,4,6,7,8 Units |
| Software Project Management (SPM) : 1,3,4,6,7 Units |
| Embedded Systems (ES) : 1,2,3,4,8 Units |
| Data Warehousing and Data Mining (DWDM) : 1,2,3,5,6 Units |
| Network Management Systems (NMS) : 1,2,3,4,5,6 Units (If u are perfect with 2,3 Units then 4,5 Units will be very easy.) |
| Information Security (IS) : 1,2,3,4,7,8 Units |
| Advance Computer Architecture (ACA) : 1,2,3,7,8 Units |
WEB TECHNOLOGIES Important Units & Check List
Choose: Units I, II, III, V, VI and VIII (1, 2, 3, 5, 6 and 8)
Unit I - HTML Common tags
Check List After Study
- Tables and Images
- Forms
- Frames
- Cascading Style Sheets
Unit II - Java Scripts Basics
Check List After Study
- Java Script Basics
- Objects in Java Scripts
- Dynamic HTML
- Programs Using Java Script
Unit III - XML
Check List After Study
- DTD, Schemas
- DOM, Parsers
- SAX
- XML Processors
Unit V - Web Server
Check List After Study
- Life Cycle of Servlets
- Servlet API
- Handling Requests and Response
- Cookies and Session Tracking
- Security Issues
Unit VI - Introduction to JS
Check List After Study
- Sevlets vs. JSP
- JSP Processing and Anatomy
- MVC setting and environment
- Installing JSDK, Tokcat and Testing
Unit VIII - Database Access
Check List After Study
- JDBC
- Database from JSP Page
- Deploying Java Beans in JSP
- Basics of struts
4-1 ECE (R07) For JNTU-HYD, JNTU-KAKINADA & JNTU-ANANTAPUR
| COMPUTER NETWORKS : 1, 3, 5, 6, 7 and 8 Units |
| Radar Systems - 1,3,4,5,6 Units |
| Data Base Management Systems - 1,2,3,4,7 Units |
| Cellular and Mobile Communications : 1,2,5,7,8 (also unit 6 if u do like to) Units |
| Digital Image Processing :1,2,6,7,8 Units |
Computer Networks Important Units & Check List
Choose: Units I, III, V, VI, VII and VIII (1, 3, 5, 6, 7 and 8)
Unit I - Introduction
Check List after study
- OSI Model
- TCP/IP Model
- Network Topologies
- Novell and ARPA Net
Unit III - Data link layer
Check List after study
- Design Issues
- Error detection and Correction
- Sliding Windoow
- DLL in HDLC & ATM
Unit V - Network Layer
Check List after study
- Virtual Circuits and Datagrams
- Routing Algorithms
- Distance Vector Routing
- Flooding
Unit VI - Network Layer-Other Concepts
Check List after study
- Dynamic and Broadcast Routing
- Congestion Prevention
- Network Layer in ATM
Unit VII - Transport Layer
Check List after study
- Transport Services
- TCP Protocol
- ATM AAL Layer
Unit VIII - Application Layer
Check List after study
- Network Security
- DNS, SNMP
- Electronic Mail,WWW
- Multimedia
4-1 EEE (R07) For JNTU-HYD, JNTU-KAKINADA & JNTU-ANANTAPUR
| NEURAL NETWORKS & FUZZY LOGIC : 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7 |
| POWER SEMI CONDUCTOR DRIVES : 1, 4, 5, 6, 7 |
| POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS : 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8 |
| POWER SYSTEM OPERATION & CONTROL : 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7 |
| HVDC Transmission : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8 |
| EHV AC Transmission : 1, 2, 3, 4, 8 |
| High Voltage Engineering : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 |
| RELIABILITY ENGINEERING & APPLICATIONS TO POWER SYSTEMS : 1, 2, 5, 7, 8 |
| NON – CONVENTIONAL SOURCE OF ENERGY : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 |
| Electrical Distribution Systems (EDS) : 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 |
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